Meaning of Kanashii in Japanese

Kanashii is a Japanese word meaning sad or sorrowful. Learn more about its pronunciation and usage in the Japanese language below. Pronunciation Click here to listen to the audio file. Meaning sad; sorrowful Japanese Characters æ‚ ²Ã£ â€"㠁„ 㠁‹ã  ªÃ£ â€"㠁„ Example Translation Watashi wa sono shirase o kiite totemo kanashikatta.ç § Ã£  ¯Ã£  Ã£  ®Ã§Å¸ ¥Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£ â€ºÃ£â€šâ€™Ã¨ Å¾Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¦Ã£  ¨Ã£  ¦Ã£â€šâ€šÃ¦â€š ²Ã£ â€"㠁‹ã  £Ã£ Å¸Ã£â‚¬â€š or in English: I was very sad to hear the news.

Analyse The Use Of Manipulatives Within An Eyfs Context,

Analyse the use of manipulatives within an EYFS context, (and in particular a mastery lesson) and identify and critically analyse a resource that has been observed or used during school experience. This assignment will analyse the use of manipulatives within and Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) context (particularly in a mastery lesson) as well as critically analyse a resource (manipulative) that I have observed being used first hand within an EYFS setting. Manipulatives in mathematics are practical apparatus that enable us to pick them up and manipulate them, such as; counters, multi-link cubes, digit cards, Cuisenaire rods, base ten, bead strings, place value counters and Dienes apparatus. They contain different aspects of mathematics†¦show more content†¦As a child masters a skill, it is important that the decision is left to them as to when they are ready to move on from manipulatives onto pictoral representations and finally to abstract representations. When using manipulatives, children are more enthusiastic and motivated to learn, they gain deeper understanding through the use of manipulatives and they can be effectively used to support and scaffold English Additional Language (EAL) learners to demonstrate their understanding in situations where they can not verbalise this. Psychologist Jean Piaget (1936) believed that children are ‘active learners’ and that they are able to grasp concepts by advancing through four stages of cognitive development, these are; the sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete operational stage and the formal operational stage. These four stages of cognitive development are very similar to constructivist Jerome Bruner’s (1960) three modes of representation (as his ideas stem from those of Piaget). Bruner’s three modes of representation are; enactive (action based) - this involves encrypting action based information and storing it mentally in our memory, iconic (image based) – in this mode of representation, information is stored visually, symbolic (language based) – in this mode, information is able to be stored in code and symbols. Once you reach this mode of representation, actions as well as images stored in our memory

Examine the concept of the foreign in Renaissance literature Essay Example For Students

Examine the concept of the foreign in Renaissance literature Essay In The Jew of Malta, Marlowe uses the character Machevil to introduce the play in his prologue. This representation of Machiavelli instantly introduces the ideas and principles associated with his political ideas, and Machevil admits his villainy openly. He immediately exposes the conflicting attitudes that people would have had to his works, Though some speak openly against my books, yet will they read me.. Machiavelli, although often condemned in public, was read by many people in private. Machevil associates himself straight away with Barabas the Jew and evil doing, presenting him as his candidate who uses his means to gain money and success. Barabas then becomes representative of what is foreign closely linked with wrong-doing and villainy before the play has even started. Marlowe uses the figure of the Jew as a powerful rhetoric device, Barabas becomes an embodiment for a Christian audience of all they loathe and fear, for all things that are different. It is Barabass desire for gold and wealth that exemplifies the desires that drive all the other characters in the play, in fact, Barabas seems to have acquired his wealth in a more honest and respectable way, as a merchant, than the other characters who try to extrapolate money in seemingly more dishonest ways, The Turks forcing tributes from the Christians, who in turn, take away the wealth from the Jews. Even a convent is seen to profit from the taking of money. It seems that the religious and political ideology that at first seems to govern a Christian society is actually motivated towards profit and little else. Barabass sin of being a Jew is used when the Christian society need his money, he is almost a victim at the level of religion and political power. His murderous activities do not signal his exclusion from Maltas society, but his central place in it. Whilst Marlowe never actually goes against anti-Semitic views, and the conventional portrayal of his villain, he seems to be suggesting throughout the play that Barabas the Jew is not the exception to, but rather the true representation of society. The character of Barabas is brought into being by the Christian society that surrounds him. Looking at his actions, we can see that they are brought about by the actions of others. The plot of the play is set in motion by the Governor taking his wealth, and each of Barabass schemes are in response to perceived threats to him. Although Marlowe does not challenge directly the renaissance stereotype of the Jew, in that Barabas is identified with egoism and his selfish needs, he highlights the fact that Barabas success in his role is because of Christianity alienating relationships in society. The Christian practice of alienation is ongoing throughout the play, and is present most strongly in Barabas himself. His actions are provoked by Christian actions, and his identity is to an extent, the product of the Christian concept of Jewish identity. Barabas sense of self and his response to the world are mainly constructed by the dominant Christian culture. His identity is a social construct , which he loses as the play goes on, until his character becomes no more than an abstract, anti-Semitic construct of a Jew. One of the true emblems of society highlighted in the play is the slave market every ones price is written on his back, (II. 274). At that low level of society, the barriers of religion and race fall away as a Jew buys a Turkish slave at a Christian slave market. This slave market becomes the concrete symbol of the alienation practised by the Christian society. In The Jew of Malta, Marlowe does not directly challenge the renaissance conception of the foreign, but rather he uses it as a tool to point out the inadequacy of typical Christian society. His main character, Barabas, is still shown in an anti-Semitic light, and is placed in the role of typical villain. .u127b91ee1de8a8fab317d22aae8c5915 , .u127b91ee1de8a8fab317d22aae8c5915 .postImageUrl , .u127b91ee1de8a8fab317d22aae8c5915 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u127b91ee1de8a8fab317d22aae8c5915 , .u127b91ee1de8a8fab317d22aae8c5915:hover , .u127b91ee1de8a8fab317d22aae8c5915:visited , .u127b91ee1de8a8fab317d22aae8c5915:active { border:0!important; } .u127b91ee1de8a8fab317d22aae8c5915 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u127b91ee1de8a8fab317d22aae8c5915 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u127b91ee1de8a8fab317d22aae8c5915:active , .u127b91ee1de8a8fab317d22aae8c5915:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u127b91ee1de8a8fab317d22aae8c5915 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u127b91ee1de8a8fab317d22aae8c5915 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u127b91ee1de8a8fab317d22aae8c5915 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u127b91ee1de8a8fab317d22aae8c5915 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u127b91ee1de8a8fab317d22aae8c5915:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u127b91ee1de8a8fab317d22aae8c5915 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u127b91ee1de8a8fab317d22aae8c5915 .u127b91ee1de8a8fab317d22aae8c5915-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u127b91ee1de8a8fab317d22aae8c5915:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Psychology In Sports EssayHowever, his character is shown not to have come about through his sin of being a Jew, but is shown to be a product of the Christian society around him, whose morality is at least in part called into quest. Marlowe manages at once to show Barabas as an alienated figure, and also as an embodiment of the society he is in, his difference comes about from the energy which he displays throughout the play. He is a character that embodies all that was negative regarding the Renaissance conception of the foreign, and yet, in many ways, he is no different to the Christian society that is supposed to represent the good and the familiar. Marlowe takes the Renaissance conception of the foreign and turns it around to face inwards, towards the audience, questioning the difference between what is foreign and what is familiar. If Barabass identity is constructed by the Christian view of a typical Jew, then it says a lot for the negative impact of such stereotyping. In Jonsons Volpone we can see how these kind of tactics are employed in a similar way, the actions of the play become seemingly distant from the renaissance audience, when a foreign setting is employed. With the help of the characters from the subplot, we can see, however, that the use of stereotypes that arise from the renaissance conception of the foreign, can be turned inwards yet again, and held up against the audience who help to construct and maintain them. Bibliography Butler, M. Ben Jonsons Volpone: a critical study (1987) Greenblatt, S. Marlowe and the will to absolute play in New Historicism and Renaissance Drama ed. R. Wilson and R. Dutton (1992) Kelsall, M. Christopher Marlowe (1981) Parker, R. B. Jonsons Venice in Theatre of the English and Italian Renaissance, ed. J. R Mulryne and M. Shewring (1991)

Research Methodology Essentials Social Research

Question: Describe about the Research methodology Essentials of social research? Answer: Introduction The term research has something aura concerning it. Usually researchers are seen, as detached persons who segregate themselves in academic laboratories and libraries. The study will massively concentrate on the various types of problems that a research can face during the time of operation. The various constitutes of a research problem are also studied with detailed scrutiny within the study in the desired section as per the need. Moreover, the study will also shed light on the components of a well -formed problem statement (Gibaldi, 2009). Meanwhile, the various types of research and its use are also discussed within the study. Hence, the study will educate the reader with massive knowledge regarding the various methods of researches and its drawbacks. Character of a research problem The field of commerce, among all others drug and education always has a room for investigations. Creating learning opportunities are always assisted by research, which either offers a proof of the documents that have been already studied, or offer extracted information that oppose the studied document. Form two perspectives, the problem of the research should act as a helping hand in civilizing the existing or present trouble. The subject that needs to be investigated should establish what and where the researcher is assigning to the business organization, government or the public. The problem of the research should be able to identify the exact objectives regarding that the study speaks. The world depends on researchers and their research to get access to modification and improvement (Jha, 2009). Hence, it can be said that research is of utmost importance in develop the society of any economy. Developing of a research problem during the time of conducting a research plays a huge rol e of significance for the overall success of that particular research. Therefore, a researchable problem does not need to support any sort of personal gain. Gibaldi, (2009) opines that if any research does not improve or advance the information of the world, then it can be stated that the research is just a collection of information. These types of researches do not have any huge value in the professional world, but alternatively these researches helps the future researches to a massive extent. Constitution of a researchable problem In order to decide on a research problem, an individual needs to have adequate knowledge regarding the topic of the research. The individual also needs to know, which projects has the ability to make vast charity to the field of the research. The individual can choose from various strategies, which are available to explore at the time of selecting a research problem. The detailed study of these problems will clear the views regarding this section, which is discussed below: The first plan is looking at the surroundings about oneself. These observations are of utmost importance, as this will help the researchers to identify the different problems that need to be solved. The globe consists of various troubles that need to be solved within a specific span of time (Kalof, Dan Dietz, 2010). These problems can be addressed through researches. Meanwhile, studying the present and past literature is also a strategy that is used by many researchers in order to construct a successful research. The studying of these papers enables the researchers to challenge the previous research outcome that appear conflicting to what and individual knows or believes to be right. The second strategy is attending specialized conferences that converse concerning issues touching the society to a huge extent. These conferences help an individual to recognize a problem. The third strategy is seeking counsel from the various experts, or people who have vast knowledge in the field of research (Reiter, 2012). Experts have huge experience is the desired field and hence, understand the issues that needs a solution at its earliest. On the other hand, conferences can also help the researchers to extract various pivotal elements for the success of the research. The other advantage of attending conferences is that the researcher will gain access to various other experts, who keep an interest in the same field. The researcher can create a network with these people, which can be of huge help in the time of need. According to Turabian, (2009) a researchable trouble should be intriguing or motivating to the study and at the same time should be worth of drawing attention. Final ly, the investigators should make judgments about them based on their research topic. Components of a well formed problem report After the canvasser has deployed the above stated strategies in choosing a significant research difficulty, the next step should be taken which shows the procedure to solve the problem. Almost six strategies may be significant to explore at the time of articulating a researchable difficulty. The primary strategy is stating the difficulty comprehensively and plainly. The researcher needs to clearly highlight the research problem. This can only be achieved, when the researcher will avoid confusing, deceiving statements or various incomplete thoughts and theories. Additionally, the researcher also needs to choose a practical societal problem (Leiter, 2012). Thinking throughout the feasibility of the research difficulty is the second strategy, which can be adopted by the researcher. The pattern of the study and how will it be performed must be accounted through an individual, who has a sharp focal point on a certain concern within a research field. The communicating to the readers can be prcised as the third strategy (Tep.uoregon.edu, 2015). The accuracy has a massive significant to the investigators at the time of stating the research problem. In case, the researcher gets inaccurate with his or her own words, the status of the researcher can be troubled with huge negative impact. The one and only important principle of academic community is that each statement constructed by a scholar should have absolute honesty and integrity. Additionally, the statement of research difficulty does not need to engage the private bias of the investigator. What constitutes a reasonable theoretical framework for the need of the study? A theoretical structure is referred to a compilation, which relates to any certain topics or concepts. This determines the variables that is needed to be measured and guides the research as well. This definition certainly shows that it is evident that theoretical framework comprise of related theories. The descriptive design explains and concentrates on the brief that is happening within the scenario or case study of the research subject (Hutton, 2011). On the other hand, Pearl, (2014) opined that theoretical frameworks are massively and astonishingly important in exploratory researches. These are sections where the researchers think that they do not have huge knowledge regarding the literature of the study and needs to know more. Theoretical frameworks are of huge significant in these types of studies for two reasons. The first reason is states that it is impossible for individual not to have predetermined ideas though they majorly appear to be very common in scenery (Bhandari, 2009). However, it can also be said that being uninformed of the theoretical problem can turn out to be a huge issue for the researcher. Conclusion Agent solutions are required for the numerous researchable problems, which are present in the world. Hence, to enable the actual procedure of looking for solutions by researching an effective statement of the researchable problem is of huge significance. The study also concludes that a collection of related topics and concepts, which is mostly theory, is referred as a theoretical framework. Hence, it can be said that applying the desired strategy is not enough, as applying the right strategy at the right time has a huge significance regarding the success of the research. Reference List Books Gibaldi, J. (2009). MLA handbook for writers of research papers. New York: Modern Language Association of America Jha, N. (2009). Research methodology. Chandigarh: Abhishek Publications Kalof, L., Dan, A., Dietz, T. (2010). Essentials of social research. England: Open Univ Pr Turabian, K. (2009). A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Journals Hutton, J. (2011). A Deductive Approach Research!. (2014). Organic Chem Curr Res, 04(01). Bhandari, S.(2009). Positivism to Research. SSRN Journal Leiter, B.(2012). Research Positivism?. SSRN Journal Pearl, J. (2014). The Deductive Approach to Causal Research. Journal Of Causal Research, 2(2). Reiter, R. (2012). An approach to deductive question-answering systems in research. ACM SIGART Bulletin, (61), 41 Website Tep.uoregon.edu,. (2015). Strategies: What Makes a Good Research Problem?. Retrieved 4 June 2015, from https://tep.uoregon.edu/showcase/crmodel/strategies/good_research_problems.html

Biography of Bill Gates

Biography of Bill Gates Free Online Research Papers William (Bill) H. Gates III is co-founder, chairman and chief executive officer of Microsoft Corporation, the worlds leading provider of software for personal computers. Bill Gates was born on October 28, 1955. He and his two sisters grew up in Seattle. Their father, William H. Gates II, is a Seattle attorney. Mary Gates, their late mother, was a schoolteacher, University of Washington regent and chairwoman of United Way International. Gates attended public elementary school before moving on to the private Lakeside School in North Seattle. It was at Lakeside that Gates began his career in personal computer software, programming computers at age 13. In 1973, Gates entered Harvard University as a freshman, where he lived down the hall from Steve Ballmer, who is now Microsofts president. While at Harvard, Gates developed a version of the programming language BASIC for the first microcomputer the MITS Altair. BASIC was first developed by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz at Dartmouth College in the mid-1960s. In his junior year, Gates dropped out of Harvard to devote his energies full-time to Microsoft, a company he had started in 1975 with his boyhood friend Paul Allen. Guided by a belief that the personal computer would be a valuable tool on every office desktop and in every home, they began developing software for personal computers. Gates foresight and vision regarding personal computing have been central to the success of Microsoft and the software industry. Gates is actively involved in key management and strategic decisions at Microsoft, and plays an important role in the technical development of new products. Much of his time is devoted to meeting with customers and staying in contact with Microsoft employees around the world through e-mail. Under Gates leadership, Microsofts mission is continuously to advance and improve software technology, and to make it easier, more cost-effective and more enjoyable for people to use computers. The company is committed to a long-term view, which is reflected in its investment of some $2.6 billion for research and development during the current fiscal year. In 1995 Gates wrote The Road Ahead, his vision of where information technology will take society. Co-authored by Nathan Myhrvold, Microsofts chief technology officer, and Peter Rinearson, The Road Ahead held the No. 1 spot on the New York Times bestseller list for seven weeks, and remained on the list for a total of 18 weeks. Published in more than 20 countries, the book sold more than 400,000 copies in China alone. In 1996, while strategically redeploying Microsoft to take advantage of the emerging opportunities created by the Internet, Gates thoroughly revised The Road Ahead to reflect his view that interactive networks are a major milestone in human communication. The paperback second edition also has become a bestseller. Gates is donating his proceeds from the book to a non-profit fund that supports teachers worldwide who are incorporating computers into their classrooms. In addition to his passion for computers, Gates is interested in biotechnology. He sits on the board of the ICOS Corporation and is a shareholder in Chiroscience Group of the United Kingdom and its wholly owned subsidiary, Chiroscience RD Inc. (formerly Darwin Molecular) of Bothell, Wash. He also founded Corbis Corporation, which is developing one of the largest resources of visual information in the world a comprehensive digital archive of art and photography from public and private collections around the globe. Gates also has invested with cellular telephone pioneer Craig McCaw in Teledesic, a company that is working on an ambitious plan to launch hundreds of low-orbit satellites around the Earth to provide a worldwide two-way broadband telecommunications service. In the dozen years since Microsoft went public, Gates has donated more than $800 million to charities, including $200 million to the Gates Library Foundation to help libraries in North America take advantage of new technologies and the Information Age. In 1994 Gates established the William H. Gates Foundation, which supports a variety of initiatives of particular interest to Gates and his family. The focus of Gates philanthropy is in four areas: education; world public health and population; non-profit, civic and arts organizations; and Puget Sound-area capital campaigns. Bill and Melinda French Gates were married on January 1, 1994. They have one child, Jennifer Katharine Gates, who was born in 1996. Research Papers on Biography of Bill GatesThe Project Managment Office SystemRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanOpen Architechture a white paperNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaDefinition of Export QuotasTwilight of the UAW

Swing Kids essays

Swing Kids essays Living in Hamburg, Germany during the period of the Adolph Hitler regime was not easy for anyone. The WWII movie, Swing Kids, followed the lives of coming of age teenagers who were faced with situations that questioned their integrity. These particular boys Peter, Thomas, and Avrid were best friends and were determined to withstand their friendship through trying times in Nazi Germany. What set these boys apart from all their peers, who were joining Hitlers Youth Brigade at the time, were that they rebelled from the Nazi movement, by embracing the forbidden pastimes of British fashion, Harlem Slang, American movies, and Swing music. Most importantly, Swing Kids portrayed each young mans struggle to choose between friendship, family and freedom as the Nazi movement swept through Germany. Swing heil, swing heil as the swing kids would often say as they greeted each other. The main basis behind the swing movement was that they strictly opposed the fascist oppression that was being caused by the infamous Adolph Hitler. But the three particular young men in this movie, Peter, Thomas and Avrid, were not as vocal about their opposition with the Hitler youth brigade. Instead they would disguise as supports of Hitler by day and by night they were full-fledged swing kids, who attended swing dance clubs with their fellow swing kids. Peter was very defiant, Thomas was very emotionally weak, and Avrid was the intelligent and very hypercritical character. Life was going very well, the boys attended school to become engineers, they had a strong friendship, and most importantly they had swing music, which played a very big part in their lives. It was not until a practical joke, that every took a bad turn. After an attempt to steal a radio from a local bakery, Peter gets caught and luckily Thomas gets away. After being taken into custody by the Gestapo, Peter is punished for his actions. In hopes of giving ...

The changing role of women in Japanese history Research Paper - 1

The changing role of women in Japanese history - Research Paper Example Koyama (pp.56) indicates that the Japanese woman is no longer the pale skinned, quiet and submissive woman. Majority of the women in the Japanese society today lack the nature of being too accommodating and obedient to the impositions on them. Studies indicate that these women are on the verge of making own decisions despite the forces behind their oppositions. In the previous centuries, specifically the Edo period, women were an oppressed lot in relation to the Confucian thoughts. Inheritance of property, land ownership or taking part in politics was forbidden in the Japanese society. Women were not allowed to attend schools for fear of their ability to rule the society. In this society, women were allowed to read books in ‘kana’ so that they would not have a leeway to success. Over the years the women in the Japanese culture were not allowed to take part in the war. However, that role is slowly changing and a number of women have come up to challenge that perception. Among the notable examples include, Nakano Takeko from the Aizu clan of the Japanese. This woman is remembered for her ability to lead the women’s army at a time when women were forbidden to take part in any form of war. The driving force towards Nakano taking part in the war was to instill brevity among women that would assist them in the absence of the males in the society. Nakano set an example to many other women by undergoing training in martial arts and even setting up a training school.

Literature Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Literature Review - Essay Example . Consumers are attracted through advertising and promotions. The first impression that a consumer attains through advertising influences his purchasing decisions. To create a positive impression, companies try to create a distinctive brand image for their products. The strategy is to utilize celebrities as endorsers in marketing campaign and it is growing increasingly popular. Companies usually use talent – movie actors, models, athletes or famous people for endorsement (Bergestrà ¶m & Skà ¤rfstad, 2004). Not just the large firms, even smaller companies with limited budget use sports and athletes to promote their products. Companies all over the world spend millions ever year to acquire celebrities to endorse their product. It hence become important to determine why companies choose celebrities to endorse their products, on what basis they select the celebrities and whether they get the expected returns from such endorsement. This proposal will briefly discuss the background with definition of ‘celebrities’ and after research justification and outlining the questions, based on the literature available, it will form a framework for research. A celebrity is defined as "an individual who is known to the public (i.e., actor, sports figure, entertainer, etc.) for his or her achievements in areas other than that of the product class endorsed" (cf., Friedman and Friedman 1979 cited by Kamins, Brand, Hoeke & Moe, 1989). The use of celebrities for product endorsement was on the rise in the late 1970s. While it was estimated that 15 percent of prime time television commercials featured celebrities in 1975, by 1978 it was reported to be over 20 percent (Kamins, Brand, Hoeke & Moe, 1989). Kamins et al (1989) conducted a study to determine the impact on advertising effectiveness and credibility based one two-sided versus one-sided celebrity endorsements.

FOIA and Privatization of Government Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

FOIA and Privatization of Government - Article Example There should a difference in the way of privatizing the traditional governmental services and the private corporation using public funding for non-traditional services because the two are very distinct in the manner of disseminating their duties. The traditional government needs more strict rules in guiding against the events of FWAC because their services affect the entire public and a small flaw in them could lead to the collapse of the whole institution. On the other hand, the private corporations require observance as well but to a smaller extent based on the nature of the population they serve. The examples of FWAC in private corporations and nonprofit corporations that were not subjected to FOIA, but may have been prevented by FOIA include misappropriation of funds by the management, tax evasion, stealing the properties of the firms. Also, giving and taking of bribes, the incorrect use of resources by wasting them and offering favors to the friend and family members. All these FWAC have been prevented by the availability of checks by the FOIA board that has scared those in charge of practicing such vices. The incapacity of the FOIA legislation to force the private corporation to provide information when needed the contracting government agency can mitigate this by setting in the contract the terms that the information regarding the use of public funds should be disclosed to the public. The condition will enable the provision of data concerning the use of the public funds. The private corporations need the support of the government and, therefore, they will be forced to comply and provide the information otherwise they will not have such chances. The issue of concern based on the experience is the style of the provision of the information needed by the public by the FOIA. The fee charged should be reviewed from the set minimum of 15 dollars to as low as 7 dollars.

N. Fowleri Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention

N. Fowleri Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention Historical Aspect: Naegleria Fowleri (N. Fowleri ) is a free living, thermophilic protozoan that is a human specific pathogen that attacks the central nervous system. It can be found in contaminated freshwater sources. It enters through the nose and travels to the brain causing primary amoebic meningoencephalitis1. It was first observed in 1899 and later named after Dr. M. Fowler, who observed the first reported fatal cases of acute pyogenic meningitis in Australia in 19652. While these infections have been identified as early as the 19th century it is challenging to identify because it mimics many of the symptoms of bacterial meningitis[1]. Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a necrotizing and hemorrhagic meningoencephalitis3. The symptoms begin 1-9 days after the onset of infection these symptoms include fever, nausea, headache and vomiting. The initial symptoms mimic those of bacterial meningitis, the later symptoms are unique to this disease. Later symptoms include neck stiffness, hallucinations, seizures, an inability to focus, lack of balance and eventually coma and death. The mortality rate for this disease is 95%. The disease progresses quickly and leads to death within 12 days of the initial infection1. While this infection has a high mortality rate, it is very rare. There have been 300 reported cases of PAM worldwide in the last 40 years4. It is important to note that this conditioned is often misdiagnosed so these numbers are estimates. In the United States there have been 138 cases in the last 50 years1. This infection was once a condition that plagued developing countries but the incidence is spreading all over the world. Researchers suspect that the increased temperatures due to global warming, increased use of public water sources due to scarcity and an overall increase in aquatic recreational activities are to blame3,18. While swimming and other aquatic recreational activities help proliferate this disease so do rituals. Aga Khan University in Pakistan noticed an increased number of deaths caused by PAM in young males that had no history of swimming, but were devout Muslims. Those who practice this faith pray five times a day and before every prayer, they perform ablution, ablution is the washing of the hands, face, ears, nose, mouth, arms and feet. While cleansing the nose, water is forced up the nose putting individuals performing this practice with inadequately purified water at a greater risk for PAM3. Religious festivals like the Kumbh Mela where Hindus gather and swim in the Ganges river put those who participate at risk of developing diseases like PAM caused by N. Fowleri 3. In addition to religious practices, therapeutic interventions like the Neti pot increase the risk of PAM. Nasal irrigation systems like the Neti pot work to relieve the symptoms of sinusitis and cold. It works by removing debris and mucus from the nasal passages. The recommendation is that the water should be boiled or mixed with a non-ionized sodium chloride. Basic structure: N. Fowleri are a part of the free living amoeba that cause infections in the central nervous system. Some of the other protists are Acanthamoeba spp and Balamuthia mandrillas. Naegleria fowleri have been classified by modern techniques which analyze morphology, biochemical pathway and molecular phylogeny2. The modern approach classifies N. Fowleri as a part of the super group Excavata, in the group Heterolobosea and a part of the family Vahlkampfiidae. Although the genome for N. Fowleri is not yet completed there are some studies producing information about its molecular and genetic characteristics. N. Fowleri s genus includes more than 40 species, but N. Fowleri is the only one that is known to cause disease in humans. De Jonckheere created the most popular identification system for N. Fowleri . The identification system uses genetic markers like internal transcribed spacers (ITS1) and 5.8S rDNA 2. This identification system revealed at least 8 different genotypes. The genotypes are dispersed among different continents America (I,II,III), Europe (III,IV,V,VI,VIII), Oceania (V), and Asia (II,III). Of the eight genotypes only four have been found in humans, types 1-42. Naegleria are a part of the group heteroloboseans that have a three-phased lifecycle. They are first amoeba, then flagellate and lastly cyst formation5. N. Fowleri reproduces in the amoeba form via binary fission to produce the cyst and the flagellate forms. The entire cell cycle is 8 hours, N. Fowleri spends 28 minutes in M phase, 180 minutes in G1, 183 minutes in S phase, and 90 minutes in G22. In the amoeba form, the trophozoite ranges in size from 15-25 Â µm. Trophozoites also have cytoplasmic projections called food cups which allow phagocytosis of bacteria, yeast, erythrocytes and cellular waste. Trophozoites are the form of the amoeba that can feed and divide, they are also the form that enter the human host6.Trophozoites will transition into the flagellate stage after being exposed to a saline solution2. The flagellates cannot feed or divide, the transition also involves a change in shape from pleomorphic to pear shaped with a pair of flagella. The flagella have the typical 9+2 structure and are surrounded by a cytoplasmic membrane. The 9+2 flagella structure describes the cross- sectional arrangement of microtubules that make up the flagella. There are nine doublet outer tubules and two central singlet tubules7. The cyst form is resistant to most disinfection. The cyst formation is spherical, smooth, double walled and refractive. They measure about 20Â µm. The material of the cyst wall is synthesized and packaged by the rough endoplasmic reticulum2. Route of Transmission: N. Fowleri is a thermophilic amoeba, its optimal temperature ranges from 1150 to 1220 F. N. Fowleri can typically be found in warm freshwater like lakes and rivers, warm water from industrial parks, or inadequately chemically treated water, other warm water sources like water heaters and soil. In their natural environment N.Fowleri phagocytize cyanobacteria and eubacteria to regulate levels. Samples from the lakes of the southern United States reveal that N. Fowleri introphozoite formis present during the summer. During the winter months N. Fowleri in cyst form survive in freshwater sources, but no form of N. Fowleri can withstand freezing temperatures1 . Most cases of PAM are caused by swimming in warm freshwater, from drinking water, recreational activities, ritual abulation and sinus irrigation systems1. Infection occurs when water containing N. Fowleri gets into the nose. The amoeba enters the nose and travels along the olfactory nerve, through a bony plate in the skull called the cribriform plate3. Once it reaches the brain it causes meningoencephalitis, cerebral edema and results in herniation. The olfactory bulbs and orbitofrontal cortices become necrotic and hemorrhagic. The data on both humans and mice support the conclusion that death is ultimately caused by increased intracranial pressure and herniation3. Swimming in water containing N. Fowleri increases the risk for PAM but age and sex are also risk factors. From the 1962- 2015 there have been 138 reported cases of PAM in the United States, 114 of the cases have been children around the age of 12. Nearly 75% of the infections have affected males1. Certain behaviors are associated with an increased risk of infection, those infected individuals reported participating in water related activities like swimming, diving and head dunking1. Although N. Fowleri can be transmitted through water it cannot be transmitted through aerosols or droplets, or via person to person contact. N. Fowleri can be found in other organs of the body, such as the heart, lung, spleen and thyroid1. Pathogenesis: N. Fowleri enter the human host through the nose which provides access to the brain. Within eight hours of infection N. Fowleri is present in the mucus layer of the olfactory epithelium. Within 24 hours N. Fowleri are in the olfactory bulb and present in the cribriform plate. By 96 hours neutrophil polymorphs cause a severe inflammatory response in the olfactory bulb which leads to brain tissue damage3. Contact dependent mechanisms are N. Fowleri mediated pathogenic processes. The primary mechanism of pathogenesis in N. Fowleri is adhesion. Adhesion allows for movement and chemotaxis in the nasal mucosa and assists N. Fowleri with disease progression. Adhesins are expressed on the surface of N. Fowleri, the adhesins are integrin like proteins surrounded by adhesion like structures. Fibronectin binding protein, protein kinase C and NFa1 are important to interrupting the host mediated cytotoxicity3. In an experiment testing cytopathicity of N. Fowleri, a culture would bind to Fibronectin and in the presence protein kinase C the ability of the amoeba to adhere increased8. N. Fowleri also produces Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) which damage the host cell. Following cell damage, N. Fowleri uses phagocytosis and amoebastomes to assist N. Fowleri in breaking down and consuming the cells through a sucker structure on its surface. These processes are mediated via actin and involve the polymer ization of monomeric G-actin and filamentous F-actin. Studies have found that a membrane protein Mp2CL5 may also play a role in pathogenicity, without this protein N.Fowleri are nonpathogenic3 .This protein is suspected to aid in pathogenicity by navigating the environment, and movement toward food sources9. In addition to contact dependent mechanisms of pathogenicity, N.Fowleri also utilizes contact independent mechanisms. N-PFP is a cytolytic pore forming protein that depolarizes the cell membrane and decreases the integrity. Naegleriapores A and B are pore forming polypeptides that are very similar in structure and function. Both are antimicrobial and cytolytic polypeptides3. The enzymes phospholipase A, A 2 and C are present in patients with PAM. Phospholipases are responsible for the demyelination of white matter. Sphingomyelinase, neuroaminidase, elastase and proteolytic enzymes are responsible for demyelinating nerve tissue. N. Fowleri are hemolytic due to the heat shock protein 70 which is unaffected by salt concentrations, chelating agents, pH and temperature extremes3,10. This protein is present in the cytoplasm, pseudopodia and phagocytic food cups. There are many other factors associated with the pathogenicity of N. Fowleri and others that are suspected to have an effect on t he pathogenicity. On the onset of infection the hosts innate immune system attempts to reduce the pathogens cytotoxicity. During the early infection the body releases mucin which surrounds the N.Fowleri trophozoites to prevent cytotoxicity. In the later infection eosinophils and neutrophils surround the N. Fowleri cells to prevent cytotoxicity. Inflammation increases over time, although there are not many cells that penetrate the host epithelium. The inflammation and polymorph nuclear cells from the host response damage cerebral tissue2 . Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention: Diagnosis of N. Fowleri is heavily dependent on laboratory techniques. The most effective way to diagnose N. Fowleri requires cerebrospinal fluid (csf) which is conducted while the patient is living and brain biopsy which is conducted post-mortem11. Different laboratory tests are utilized to analyze the specimen. When PAM is suspected, samples can be wet mounted and placed under a microscope to identify trophozoites12. Polymerase chain reaction is a method that can be used to amplify DNA, to identify the presence of N. Fowleri DNA in a sample11. Another laboratory technique involves antigens that were developed from mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against N. Fowleri . When indirect immunofluorescence assays are used mAbs react to N.Fowleri from specific geographic regions13. The infection due to PAM progresses quickly and as previously stated, mimics symptoms of bacterial meningitis. Even with the advances in laboratory diagnostics most cases are diagnosed post mortem making effective treatment elusive. One successful case study provides an example of effective diagnosis and treatment of this condition. On July 13, 2013, a 12 year-old girl presented to Arkansas Childrens Hospital vomiting, having trouble holding up her head and was unable to open her eyes. A few days prior to hospitalization the patient had been playing in a local water park. During her hospitalization she experienced hallucinations, and thirst. A spinal tap was performed which ruled out bacterial meningitis. The laboratory identified N. Fowleri trophozoites in the patients cerebrospinal fluid. After determining the infection was PAM caused by N. Fowleri, physicians initially treated the patient with antibiotics and antifungals like Amphotericin B, Rifampin, Fluconazole, Dexamethasone an d Azithromycin .None of these treatments improved the condition of the patient. The hospital petitioned the Center for Disease Control (CDC) to allow the use of a new experimental drug available for the treatment of N.Fowleri14. The drug Miltesfosine was given 36 hours after the initial diagnosis, physicians also lowered the patients body temperature to 93.2 F0 to reduce cerebral edema and intracranial pressure. After 18 days in the ICU there was no N. Fowleri found in her system. The patient experienced a full but gradual recovery over the next fifty five days. After seven days the patient was able to write her name, in fourteen days she was able to speak in one and two syllable words. She also underwent both speech and physical therapy14. This patient is one of the three known survivors of PAM. While the virulence factors and the degree of recovery that surround the other two cases of survival are unknown. The prompt diagnosis, treatment with Miltesfosine within thirty six hours and maintaining a low body temperature for this patient played significant roles in effectively treating this infection14. Although the first case of N. Fowleri was over 50 years ago, the mortality rate for this disease continues to increase due to water scarcity which increases use of water from public sources. As previously stated this condition is either diagnosed post mortem or misdiagnosed. The development of a standard microbial treatment will aid in the reduction of high mortality rates14. In the three cases of survival the patients were all intially treated with amphotericin B, rifampcin, fluconazole, dexamethasone and phenytoin during the first week of infection15. In 1969 a patient survived PAM with the successful treatment of amphotericin B. The patient in 2013 was initially treated with amphotericin B and it was ineffective. Miltesfosine effectively treated this patients PAM14. Other drugs with the potential to treat PAM have been tested, and some have been proven effective while others have not. Clotrimazole a drug that has been used as an antifungal had potential to treat PAM but under further study was deemed ineffective16. In developing countries like Pakistan where water is in short supply and ablution is common practice the danger of becoming infected with N. Fowleri is greatly increased. Water sources in these countries include wells or water storage tanks which are often contaminated with N. Fowleri 17. In order to prevent infection the World Health Organization (WHO) encourages that water storage units and wells be regularly tested to ensure proper disinfection. Public health organizations have also encouraged the use of nose clips while swimming in lakes and other freshwater sources, and boiling water that is used for ablution17. Chlorine disinfection regimens prevent against most pathogens in drinking water systems however free living amoeba like N. Fowleri survive most disinfection. The cyst form of N. Fowleri is resistant to most disinfection and are associated with biofilm that can build up in drinking water systems. N. Fowleri have been isolated in drinking water systems in Australia, the United States and Pakistan, in both Australia and the United States they maintain chlorine levels of 0.5mg/L at all times in the drinking water18.To test the amount of chlorine needed to eliminate N. Fowleri, researchers conducted an experiment using two separate sites, a pre re-chlorination site and a post re-chlorination site, both sites were monitored before and after re-chlorination for a year. The results were that after chlorination of greater than 1mg/L at each site, in the post re-chlorination site the amoeba were gone within 60 days. The pre re-chlorination site would have seasonal flares of N.Fowleri but the c hlorine levels eliminated the protozoan and prevented further spread. Overall chlorine levels above 1mg/L result in the elimination of N.Fowleri in drinking water systems18. Summary of current areas of research notes: N. Fowleri is a rare pathogen that was discovered over fifty years ago. Since its discovery still not much is known about this pathogen. Future research into this pathogen will focus on patient complaint diagnosis and treatment, expanding the drugs that are used, biomarkers, and drug targets. In order to determine whether the patient has contracted PAM due to N.Fowleri the patients csf is tested and if the test is negative for bacterial cultures and the patient has a history of swimming or other aquatic activities, then the patient tests positive for N.Fowleri. Extracting csf can increase the pressure in the patients brain and lead to herniation of the brain. Because N. Fowleri travels to the brain via the nasal passage, the proposed route of diagnosis is collecting a nasal sample. Research confirms that N.Fowleri can be collected in both csf and nasal cultures3. Drugs administered through the nasal cavity, through the transcribial route would be delivered across the cribifrom plate to the inferior portion of the frontal lobe. This is the site where N. Fowleri attacks and spreads to the central nervous system. Drugs like amphotericin B do not decrease the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) when administered intravenously. By potentially administering the drug transcribialy, the drug passes the blood barrier which would allow the drug to be more potent, trail the route of N.Fowleri, attack the site of infection, allow the lethal dose of drug to achieve the mic without venous drainage, and lastly to avoid symptoms of intravenous drug administration 15. There are clinically approved drugs that have promising amoebicidal effects. These drugs interrupt the mechanisms and processes of the amoeba. Digoxin and proyclidine both exhibit amoebicidal properties. Digoxin treats atrial fibrillation and heart rhythm disorder by helping the heart beat stronger and with more rhythm19. Proyclidine is used to treat Parkinsons and other diseases that cause involuntary muscle movement20. In order for further testing of the amoebicidal effects of these drugs to continue to be studied more drugs that have the potential to be amoebicidal must be identified and screened for tests to go from in vitro testing to in vivo testing. There has not been a lot of emphasis on finding drugs that treat N. Fowleri because the condition is rare and affects populations in the developing world. Biomarkers for PAM have been challenging to identify because little is known about N. Fowleris pathophysiology. Mass spectrometry, NMR and other tools of analysis are being utilized to identify biomarkers. Researchers are also making biochemical profiles of individuals in populations that contracted the disease against those who did not. These profiles will include information on the individuals age, gender, ethnicity and factors that predispose them to this condition3. This condition is rare and because of its rarity has been studied infrequently. With limited time and resources N.Fowleri is funded and studied less frequently than conditions that affect larger populations like Malaria or the Zika virus. The range of drugs used to treat patients with PAM is severely limited, researchers are developing drugs that would inhibit different processes of N.Fowleri. The drug pathways are hydrolytic enzymes that invade the host cells, glycocytic enzymes that are expressed differently by the pathogen, thiol based redox metabolism pathway, oxidative stress pathway, trypanothione pathways, and encystation and excystation pathways3. Bibliography 1. Naegleria fowleri- primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) amebic encephalitis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. =. Updated December 2015. Accessed January, 2017. 2. Martinez-Castillo M, Cardenas-Zuniga R, Coronado-Velazquez D, Debnath A, Serrano-Luna J, Shibayama M. Naegleria fowleri after 50 years: Is it a neglected pathogen? J Med Microbiol. 2016. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.000303 [doi]. 3. Siddiqui R, Ali IKM, Cope JR, Khan NA. Biology and pathogenesis of naegleria fowleri. Acta Trop. 2016;164:375-394. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.09.009. 4. Coupat-Goutaland B, RÃ ©goudis E, Besseyrias M, et al. Population Structure in Naegleria fowleri as Revealed by Microsatellite Markers. Chiang T-Y, ed. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(4):e0152434. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152434. 5. The genome of naegleria gruberi illuminates early eukaryotic versatility. Cell. (- 5):- 631. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.032. 6. Marciano-Cabral F, Cabral GA. The immune response to naegleria fowleri amebae and pathogenesis of infection. FEMS Immunology Medical Microbiology. 2007;51(2):243-259. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2007.00332.x. 7. Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al. Molecular Cell Biology. 4th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000. Section 19.4, Cilia and Flagella: Structure and Movement. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21698/ 8. Han, KL., Lee, HJ., Shin, M.H. et al. Parasitol Res (2004) 94: 53. doi:10.1007/s00436-004-1158-9 9. RÉVEILLER FL, SUH S, SULLIVAN K, CABANES P, MARCIANO-CABRAL F. Isolation of a unique membrane protein from naegleria fowleri. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2001;48(6):676-682. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00208.x. 10. Song, KJ., Song, KH., Kim, JH. et al. Parasitol Res (2008) 103: 313. doi:10.1007/s00436-008-0972-x 11. Cope JR, Ali IK. Primary amebic meningoencephalitis: What have we learned in the last 5 years? Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2016;18(10):31-016-0539-4. doi: 10.1007/s11908-016-0539-4 [doi]. 12. Baig AM, Khan NA. Tackling infection owing to brain-eating amoeba. Acta Trop. 2015;142:86-88. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.11.004 [doi]. 13. Pugh JJ, Levy RA. Naegleria fowleri: Diagnosis, pathophysiology of brain inflammation, and antimicrobial treatments. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2016;7(9):1178-1179. doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00232 [doi]. 14. Heggie TW, KÃ ¼pper T. Surviving naegleria fowleri infections: A successful case report and novel therapeutic approach. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. . doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2016.12.005. 15. Baig AM, Khan NA. Novel chemotherapeutic strategies in the management of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis due to naegleria fowleri. CNS Neuroscience Therapeutics. 2014;20(3):289-290. doi: 10.1111/cns.12225. 16. Jamieson A. Effect of clotrimazole on naegleria fowleri. J Clin Pathol. 1975;28(6):446-449. 17. Siddiqui R, Khan NA. Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis caused by naegleria fowleri: An old enemy presenting new challenges. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(8):e3017. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003017 [doi]. 18. Miller HC, Morgan MJ, Wylie JT, et al. Elimination of naegleria fowleri from bulk water and biofilm in an operational drinking water distribution system. Water Res. 2016;110:15-26. doi: S0043-1354(16)30912-5 [pii]. 19. Dawson AH, Buckley NA. Digoxin. Medicine. 2016;44(3):158-159. doi: http://dx.doi.org.proxy.campbell.edu/10.1016/j.mpmed.2015.12.006. 20. Procyclidine. Drugs.com Know more. Be sure Web site. https://www.drugs.com/cdi/procyclidine.htm. Updated 2017. Accessed 5/25/17, 2017. [1] Naegleria fowleri- primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) amebic encephalitis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/naegleria/pathogen.html#history. Updated December 2015. Accessed January, 2017

Essay examples --

QUES 1: â€Å"Good communication is key to success of any organization.† Justify your statement keeping in view the communication system followed by a bank. Communication is key for success for any organisation . Directing abilities of manager mainly depend upon his communication skills. That is why organization always emphasis on improving communication skills of manager as well as employees. Therefore communication can be defined as, â€Å" the process of exchange of information between two or more persons to reach a common understanding.†Communication is important and pervasive of all managerial activities . communication involves hearing which can’t be said. Communication is what listener do.It is the most important in leading any organization is crafting a strategic vision that achieves your organization’s goals and enhances its effectiveness. Turning this aspiration into a reality means creating and sustaining a unifying sense of purpose on the part of all people within your organization and communicating this vision to your outside audiences.Without effective communication, a message can turn to error, misunderstanding and hence it is interpreted wrongly.It is a process where we can accurately and clearly convey or thoughts and objectives.Communication is successful when both the sender and receiver understand the same information.Communication of ideas establishes a common ground of understanding. Ince the management is concerned with getting the work through others, it implies the manager must communicate with other people. To take decision communication is required.Communication is an exchange of facts , ideas and viewpoints which brings about commonnwss of interest , purpose and efforts.Communication is a sum of all things one p... ...hile conveying message to others , it is better to know the interests and needs of the people with whom you are communicating. 6. Ensure proper feedback- The communicator may ensure the success of communication by asking questions regarding the message conveyed. The receiver or communication may also be encouraged to respond to communication 7. Communicate for present as well as future- Generally , communication is needed to meet the existing commitment, to maintain consistency , the communicaton should aim at future goals of the enterprise also. 8. Follow up communications –There should be regular follow up and review on the instructions given to subordinates. 9. Be a good listener- Manager should be a good listener. Patient and attentive listening solves half of problems. Managers should also give indications of their interest in listening to their subordinates.

John Adams Defends the Red Coats

Although John Adams defended the British redcoats at the end of 1770, the Boston Massacre actually happened March 5, 1770. Furthermore, events that led to the culmination of that night dated back to 1767 (Timeline). Many factors went into the decision, by John Adams, to defend the British soldiers. The atmosphere of the times dictated much of that evening and of that trial. For the time it was a radical thing for a man such as John Adams to defend the British troops, however his respect of the law led to his defense of the British troops.John Adams was right in defending the redcoat in the Boston Massacre trial because he saw the actions of the redcoats as nothing more than men defending their lives. In 1767, with the passing of the Townshend Acts, the civilians began their resentment towards the British Parliament as well as the British troops stationed in Boston. The Townshend Acts were a series of Acts passed by congress on June 29, 1767 to increase taxes of commonly imported prod ucts on the Colonies.Having new taxes imposed by the British as well as their military presence in Boston angered the civilians. During this time John Adams was a local lawyer in Boston working case to case (Miller Center). In late 1768 more British troops came to reestablish order in Boston per order of the Crown. The climate of this time was a hostile one on the part of the civilians. â€Å"The civilians reacted to the redcoats like they were invaders by taunting them through name calling, spitting, and fighting† (Timeline). By the time March 5, 1770 occurred, an incident had been bound to happen.With the distress of the townspeople and the presence of British soldiers, a disaster like this was waiting to happen. When the dust settled, and the day was done, 5 civilians were killed at the hands of the redcoats. John Adams, a local lawyer in the Boston area and graduate of Harvard, defended in court the men accused of the Boston Massacre. With all of the social pressure, livi ng in Boston, it would have been easy to give up but John Adams saw the law for what the law was. He did not look at it as redcoat against Boston, but as man against man.In his closing argument for the defense of the British soldiers he questioned the jury; â€Å"Would it have been a prudent resolution in them, or in any body in their situation, to have stood still, to see if the sailors would knock their brains out, or not? † (Miss, 5). As a defense lawyer it is their responsibility to make a case for the accused party as reasonable doubt. With that quote John Adams did just that. He posed a question to the jury basically saying â€Å"what were they supposed to do, roll over and die? † He saw the redcoats’ behavior as defense.The entire time the British troops had been stationed in Boston they had not once had an incident such as the Boston Massacre; the only time they opened fire on the Bostonians was when the civilians came at them in a combative manner. John Adams had every right to defend the redcoats with the plausible â€Å"it was in self defense† defense. He was a Harvard Law graduate with a law firm to run and clients he believed were only acting in self defense. His action to defend the redcoats was the just thing to do. The British soldiers were put in a position where there were either going to die or they were going to fight back.The redcoats’ job was to be soldiers for the Crown. The Crown implemented more troops in Boston on October 1, 1768 to reestablish order in that area of the country. At that time the people of Boston were growing increasingly hostile and combative. By the time the Boston Massacre had occurred there was much history between the redcoats and the civilians of Boston. John Adams knew that history and did not choose sides based on loyalty. He interpreted the situation as a â€Å"do or die† situation on the part of the soldiers and defended them as such. He used his knowledge of the law in his closing statement for the defense of the redcoats.Ultimately his position on the Boston Massacre impacted the lives of the British soldiers in a positive way. His actions were noble because he pushed aside his personal history with the city and defended his clients according to the law rather than letting the atmosphere of Boston dictate his defense and his closing argument. Works Cited â€Å"American President: A Reference Resource. † Miller Center. University of Virginia. Web. 30 Oct 2012. . â€Å"Historic Timeline. † Boston Massacre Historical Society. Boston Massacre Historical Society, n. d. Web. 30 Oct 2012. . Miss, Angela. Boston Massacre Defense. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2012. 4-5. Print.

The History of Google and How It Was Invented

The History of Google and How It Was Invented Search engines, or internet portals, have been around since the early days of the internet. But it was Google,  a relative latecomer, that would go on to become the premier destination for finding just about anything on the World Wide Web. Definition of a Search Engine A search engine is a program that searches the internet and finds webpages for you based on the keywords that you submit. There are several parts to a search engine, such as: Search engine software, including boolean operators, search fields, and display formatSpider or crawler software that reads web pagesA databaseAlgorithms that rank results for relevancy Inspiration Behind the Name The very popular search engine called Google was invented by computer scientists  Larry Page and Sergey Brin.  The site was named after a googol- the name for the number 1 followed by 100 zeros- found in the book Mathematics and the Imagination by Edward Kasner and James Newman. To the sites founders, the name represents the immense amount of information that a search engine has to sift through. Backrub, PageRank, and Delivering Search Results In 1995, Page and Brin met at Stanford University while they were  graduate students in computer science. By January 1996, the pair began collaborating on writing a program for a search engine dubbed Backrub, named after its ability to do backlink analysis. The project resulted in a widely popular  research paper titled The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine. The search engine was unique in that it used a technology they developed called  PageRank, which  determined a websites relevance by taking into account  the number of pages, along with the importance of the pages, that linked back to the original site. At the time, search engines ranked results based on how often a search term appeared on a webpage. Next, fueled by the rave reviews that Backrub received, Page and Brin began working on developing Google. It was very much a shoestring project at the time. Operating out of their dorm rooms, the pair built a server network using cheap, used, and borrowed personal computers. They even maxed their credit cards buying terabytes of disks at discount prices. They first tried to license their search engine technology but failed to find anyone that wanted their product at an early stage of development. Page and Brin then decided to keep Google in the meantime and seek more financing, improve the product, and take it to the public themselves when they had a polished product. Initial Funding The strategy worked, and after more development, the Google search engine eventually turned into  a hot commodity. Sun Microsystems co-founder  Andy Bechtolsheim was so impressed that after a quick demo of Google, he told the pair, Instead of us discussing all the details, why dont I just write you a check? Bechtolsheims check was for $100,000 and was made out to Google Inc., despite the fact that Google as a legal entity did not exist yet. That next step didnt take long, however. Page and Brin incorporated on September 4, 1998. The check also enabled them to raise $900,000 more for their initial round of funding. Other angel investors included Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos.   With sufficient funds, Google Inc. opened its first office in  Menlo Park, California.  Google.com, a beta (test status) search engine, was launched and answered 10,000 search queries every day.  On September 21, 1999, Google officially removed the beta from its title. Rise to Prominence   In 2001, Google filed for and received a patent for its PageRank technology that listed Larry Page as the inventor. By then, the company had relocated to a larger space in nearby Palo Alto. After the company finally went public, there were concerns that the one-time startups rapid growth would change the company culture, which was based on the company motto, Do No Evil. The pledge reflected a commitment by the founders and all employees to carry out their work with objectivity and without conflicts of interest and bias. To ensure the company stayed true to its core values, the position of chief culture officer was established. During the period of rapid growth, the company introduced a variety of products, including Gmail, Google Docs, Google Drive, Google Voice, and a web browser called Chrome. It also acquired streaming video platform YouTube and Blogger.com. More recently, there have been forays into different sectors. Some examples are Nexus (smartphones), Android (mobile operating system), Pixel (mobile computer hardware), a smart speaker (Google Home), broadband (Google Fi), Chromebooks, (laptops), self-driving cars, and numerous other ventures.  Advertising revenue generated by search requests remains its biggest earnings driver, however. In 2015, Google underwent a restructuring of divisions and personnel under the conglomerate name Alphabet. Sergey Brin became president of the newly formed parent company, while Larry Page is the CEO. His position at Google was filled with the promotion of  Sundar Pichai. Collectively, Alphabet and its subsidiaries consistently rank among the top 10 most valuable companies in the world.  Its often also cited among the most influential and admired companies as well.

Free Essays on Enron Chief Financial Advisor Pleads Guilty

â€Å"Enron chief financial officer pleads guilty† The first and foremost problem with this is that Lea Fastow was in the top tier of management in Enron, which is a gigantic company that is now all, but gone from our memory. Due to his great authority, reputation, and his past with this company he was easily able to deceive everyone at the company. With the knowledge he had of investments and the experience he had everyone in the company was more than happy to go along with him and his recommendations just for the simple fact that the people assumed that he knew what he was doing. When really all that was happening was a large amount of lies and deception simply to line his pockets and many other chief executive pockets with enough money to walk away even once caught with a smile on their face while what they did not realize, is how many people, including ones with families are getting horribly hurt by these despicable tactics. Fastow openly lied to shareholders just to make money for him and others. First of all, they entered into side deals that were completely built up with â€Å"off-the-books,† enterprises. The companies that even did actually exist in these plans and deals are actually worse off than they would have been if they would have gone on with it by themselves, but due to their getting involved with Enron, Fastow, and the other chief executives they are under or going under as a finality in the matter. These deals are including fraudulent transactions not only just within the inner confines of Enron, or even within the very limits of our national borders, but clear across international lines. The Enron scandal has penetrated worldwide and therefore hurts people worldwide. Some of these schemes were also simply to allow for unsuspecting people to keep investing their hard-earned dollars into the Enron and its partner companies, in order, to make even more money for the corrupt officials there. After ruining thousan... Free Essays on Enron Chief Financial Advisor Pleads Guilty Free Essays on Enron Chief Financial Advisor Pleads Guilty â€Å"Enron chief financial officer pleads guilty† The first and foremost problem with this is that Lea Fastow was in the top tier of management in Enron, which is a gigantic company that is now all, but gone from our memory. Due to his great authority, reputation, and his past with this company he was easily able to deceive everyone at the company. With the knowledge he had of investments and the experience he had everyone in the company was more than happy to go along with him and his recommendations just for the simple fact that the people assumed that he knew what he was doing. When really all that was happening was a large amount of lies and deception simply to line his pockets and many other chief executive pockets with enough money to walk away even once caught with a smile on their face while what they did not realize, is how many people, including ones with families are getting horribly hurt by these despicable tactics. Fastow openly lied to shareholders just to make money for him and others. First of all, they entered into side deals that were completely built up with â€Å"off-the-books,† enterprises. The companies that even did actually exist in these plans and deals are actually worse off than they would have been if they would have gone on with it by themselves, but due to their getting involved with Enron, Fastow, and the other chief executives they are under or going under as a finality in the matter. These deals are including fraudulent transactions not only just within the inner confines of Enron, or even within the very limits of our national borders, but clear across international lines. The Enron scandal has penetrated worldwide and therefore hurts people worldwide. Some of these schemes were also simply to allow for unsuspecting people to keep investing their hard-earned dollars into the Enron and its partner companies, in order, to make even more money for the corrupt officials there. After ruining thousan...

Derivatives and Alternatives Investment Written Assignment Coursework

Derivatives and Alternatives Investment Written Coursework - Assignment Example The mechanism of interest rate swap is explained below with the help of a small example. Let consider to party A & be involved in the interest swap for a period of 5 years. The payment made by A will be calculated at 6% fixed interest rate where as for B the rate is calculated at 6 months floating. The principal let us consider as $10 million. Cash flows for the above case are described in the diagram below: Payment at the end of half year Period Fixed Rate Payments Floating rate Payment 8 months Libor Net cash from A to B 1 300000 337500 -37500 2 300000 337500 -37500 3 300000 337500 -37500 4 300000 325000 -25000 5 300000 325000 -25000 6 300000 325000 -25000 7 300000 312500 -12500 8 300000 312500 -12500 9 300000 312500 -12500 10 300000 325000 -25000 -2500000 b. Is hedging this portfolio necessary?   Hedging can be defined as a process which control or reduce the risk associated with any kind of trade. Hedging can be done taking into consideration of the market potion which may arri ve in the future, which is exactly opposite to that of the present physical market condition in terms of price. Hedging the portfolio is a better option for the asset manager in view of long run profit making. At present there are a fixed rate SWAP in case of EURO market, and floating interest rate with bank of Ericaca for tenure of 1 year. However, If the central bank withdraws the support behind the asset price then there will be a chance of a decrease in the asset price. So to hedge to invest for a 1 year term will help the investor to get the profit. We can consider two different scenarios: if the asset price goes down in next one year or if the asset price goes up in next one year. In the first instance, if the asset price goes down the value of the contract will decrease, so the asset management company will incur loss in future transaction, but the purchase that he has to make will gain profit for him. On the other hand if the value of the asset increases over the year then a t the end of the term, the asset manager will gain profit for his future transaction, but on the other hand to purchase the new asset he has to pay more hence there is a possibility of loss. So in both the cases there is a chance of loss which can be overruled by the profit of long term contract or hedge that the asset management company have take as a precaution. c. Is hedging this portfolio necessary without IRS? The portfolio would require hedging even without the IRS because of the German equities which belongs to the Euro region and needs hedging. The USD LIBOR lending is hedgined by the futures contract but the equities require further hedging with the help of long term futures. Reference Corb, H. (2013), Interest rates Swaps and other Derivatives, Columbia University Press. a) Credit default Swap or CDS can be defined as an agreement between seller and the buyer, in case of loan default. It is a financial swap agreement, where the buyer makes a series of payment to the seller and gets the payoff if the loan gets default. The concept was first invented by Blythe Masters of JP Morgan in the year 1994. According to Schutz (2012), it is an essential insurance contract to hedge the credit risk associated with any kind of loans. It is a kind of derivatives, the value of which depends on the possibility of a company defaulting. Schutz in his writing mentioned about the existence of two different kinds of

BJB Manufacturing Company Quality Management Initiative Proposal Research Paper

BJB Manufacturing Company Quality Management Initiative Proposal - Research Paper Example ..3 The Total Quality Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 Process Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...4 Managing the quality of the products†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Employees†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Shareholders†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 The Executive Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Consumers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Partners†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Advantages of the Total Quality Management to BJB†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 The role of leadership†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 Leadership and control†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Approving budgets†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 Introduction BJB is a manufacturing firm that produces car radios to be used in many types of cars. The firm needs to monitor and improve its quality management by putting in place a total quality management process. Current situation The following are some of the areas that are of concern to the BJB’s TQM. BJB does not involve employees in its total quality management. BJB does not have a way to involve consumers to improve its product quality. There are no repetitive processes to make sure that the production system is continually improved to increase quality and reduce costs For the BJB to be able to access the new market and increase its market segment, it needs to be able to produce high quality produc ts across its product range. The products are a range of car radios for different kinds of cars. Accessing the new market will need a solid Total Quality Management System that will improve the production and increase quality of the products produced by the firm. Proposed total quality management The proposed TQM for BJB will consider the following factors: New Market BJB is trying to access new markets, and to do this it has to have products that are competitive in terms of their quality. The fact that BJB is trying to access new markets also means that the firm has to know not only how to increase the quality but also how to minimize costs so as to use cost advantage to sell at lower prices. The products produced by BJB are not used directly by the consumers, but have to be used along with other products (i.e. vehicles), and BJB needs to consider this in planning its TQM. In this regard, BJB’s Total Quality Management has to ensure that it is will be synchronized with the m anufacturers of motor vehicles. This will be useful in making sure that the products of BJB are compatible with the products of all the car manufacturers, and this will be important because without this compatibility, there can be no market for the BJB’s products. The TQM Process management The process will be monitored to make sure that there are no bottlenecks that may make the system less efficient. BJB should be professionally responsible in making sure that the manufacturing process is incrementally improved every month, to make sure that all inefficiencies are

Deserving graduating senior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Deserving graduating senior - Essay Example This is the major reason as to why I am applying for this particular scholarship program. Throughout my high school education I have worked hard and put all my efforts towards achieving excellent performance. I may not have been naturally smart when it comes to the book but my efforts and encouragement from parents and teachers were influential in the attainment of what I have so far achieved. My hard work, dedication and commitment towards excelling in my studies made me create a very special bond with my teachers which prove extremely beneficial. I am an inquisitive, proactive, and flexible learner; these qualities coupled with my great effort and cordial relations with my tutors perform well. I was thus able to post high GPA results and take college classes as a junior during my senior year of high school. In my college classes at the Pen State-Beaver Campus I posted above average grades as a junior student. I therefore intend to join the Kent University on graduation from college and pursue Aviation Science. It’s my intention to participate in the United State s Air Force ROTC program at college and enlist in the Air Force after graduating from college. Apart from my academic life at school and college, I am also am outgoing person; I actively participate in extracurricular activities. I have served as President for the Ski club, and Treasurer of the Freedom Fortune 500 club. Am an active of the Spanish club, Homecoming Court 2014 and Tech Team. When it comes to track and field events I have always committed myself to athletics and soccer serving as soccer captain for the high school team while at the same time maintaining a high GPA standing in my academics. These I believe are very important for physical, mental and psychological needs of my body which translate into good health as well as performance of the brain. I extend the same to my community where I voluntarily serve as Head Coach for the

Crossing the West and Unite Essay Example for Free

Crossing the West and Unite Essay Is Pan- Africanism merely an ideology of beliefs that belongs to a past?   Historically it can be traced that Africans in their country of origin have a great civilization but why in the world would this great people need to walk a crusade like one of its forerunner’s Du Bois when he said that: â€Å"The Last Battle of the West† in liberation of the Africans.   This was reechoed to the world when racial ideologies become severe in the West, in Latin America, and under the British Colony.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the paper written by Araia it was mentioned in detail how Pan-africanism followed throughout history how the Africans were discriminated from repatriation towards the movement of the Diaspora.   Some of them are also the black slaves who are treated well and given freedom by some of their masters.   This loyalty taught the Diaspora to adapt the ways their masters taught them. The Africans and Diaspora experienced the same discrimination and both have adjusted to their present environs.     It was also proven that one color is not a proof of unity since man seeks to have different clichà ©s or the need to belong to a certain group.   In some cases, adoption to a certain laws and culture makes a person get antagonized by two identities especially if the one being introduced is exactly opposed to his or her tradition.   And with that, instead of unification a person has the guilt of having adulterated ones culture or we may say to experience a culture shock.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That shock divides, and Pan-African organizations have travelled a long way to reunite its brood. An issue that goes with identity crises is repatriation which has bad and good consequences like founding its way for a new black republic in the western hemisphere.   That beginnings fostered confidence to the Diaspora and to the Africans in the continent.   These are somehow, providential that the Africans scatter the world like someone says that from evil there is an abundance of good.   In this scenario, we can conclude that those early Africans who crossed the continent have struggled, though some may loose their birth right marks, many have hold on to his true identity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In one of the conferences, African’s echoed the need to be respected like all other humans as Malcolm X stated that â€Å"†¦, so that Africa too becomes respected as other huge continents are respected, then, wherever people of African origin, African heritage or African blood go, they will be respected – but only when and because they have something much larger that looks like them behind them (GAraia).†Ã‚   His words explained the impact of Pan-Africanism ideology towards the African experience and the Black Diaspora. To him, the proof of a good race is the good examples that will be left behind by that color and creed.   Malcolm X words mean to say, the need for the Africans to show to the world that the race came from a good and descent stock while explaining that respect begets respect.   But first and foremost respect for oneself should come first.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The elevation of the human nature is based on its dignity, and for this reason it is necessary to look back to where this race belongs.   It is important to see how the older ones have struggled and how did they fought squarely the battle of searching for one’s identity.   Thus when it is found, is it an experience of neither dismay nor courage.   The integral part of this soul searching is whether it is accepted or not but the most important thing is to gain confidence and repair whatever damage is done.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The reformist Du Boisian pan-Africanism had more influence and ideological impact on Africans in the Continent during the early part of reunification but on the later part the transatlantic Pan-Africanism focused on nationalist ideologies thru Nkrumah.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, the vision of Garvey became relevant until today because it has promoted unity and well-being among Africans, re-examination of public policy against racism and other forms of discrimination which has resulted to security and equality, and provision of sovereignty and respect towards individual culture.   Identity crisis was changed into acceptance in spite that points of view can not always be the same.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Brazzaville and Casablanca could have been fueled by the so called identity crisis too which could have gotten down to the marrow of the new generations of the Africans in the middle of the 19th Century. The former against the bearing of a socialist mentality and the other gets intimidated of begging or having dependence on the Western aid.   Those are two opposing ideological differences that have affected the political and economic perspectives of that time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, in the course of time different Africans groups learned to focus on their similarities to bridge the gap that has existed due to various groupings.   This meeting of the minds ended in the formation of the African Unity which led by Nkrumah created the UNIA under the influence of the philosophy of Marcus Garvey to the Negritude of Cesaire and Senghor.   This movement led to the search of the African identity till it is known today as African Union (AU) which was previously called Organization of African Unity (OAU).   Today, we may say that the Pan-Africanism movement has matured and was able to handle whatever difficulties they would get entangled within their individual principles and personal circumstances.   Through viable global communications brought by new technology, a connection was built between Africa and its Diasporas which forge Pan-African unity transcending all unproductive dichotomies. Today’s relevance of the Pan-African   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pan-Africanism will remain the instrument of fostering unity and empowerment as long as there is marginalized Africans and Diaspora that has been continually growing in numbers.   It will be the voice to call and unite, and to remind wherever this colored men are, telling each one is his brother’s keeper.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With the growing world spearheading towards globalization, there is a great need for Pan-Africanism to be a state led project in the emancipation of its great role in the 21st Century. There will be new challenges facing the Africa and the Diaspora despite of its historical achievements of decolonization and civil rights.   The ideology of collective empowerment can provide a great leap for Pan-African states and societies who are merely pawns in the world arena.   According to Nkrumah there is a need to pull all resources like the socio-cultural, eco-political aspects and demographic capitals to attain the Pan-African vision of the socio-economic development of all its civil societies namely the Africans and the Diasporas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is very striking to know that African migrants (Diaspora) today are very much educated as compared to people of its country’s origin.   Making the brain drain problem severe in Africa but these international migrants who are skilled are assets for the developing countries in terms of remittances and brain mobility.   Those who migrated towards the north are very much educated however they only comprise of the minority.   Majority migrated to other African countries.   In other words, the Diaspora represents a growing mighty force for the development of Pan-Africanism today.   The African Diasporas because of their dual identities acquired from their host countries became more flexible and at the same time equipped with enormous social capital that could defend the future of Africa.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, the government only views the Diasporas as an economic resource or by way a dollar remittance arm.   They do not only exceed foreign investments cash capital but with their civic and cultural awareness could access global markets, create a more vigorous democracy that could strengthen a society that encourages growth of new philanthropic cultures.   Diasporas are regarded as people with multiple identities but with commitments firmly rooted to their country of origin.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The new generation of the African Diasporas will surely bridged the gap of the Atlantic and Africa and the African American created by prejudices and the racist media.   One can perceived today the growing awareness in the Pan-American consciousness for instance the assertiveness of the blacks in Brazil, the affirmation of Afrocentric culture in the US, and Afropolitan identities of the diasporas in European Countries.   They are collective struggles that show the world that these African migrants are reconstructing their identities by renegotiating their place in wherever host societies they belong which is in congruent that they will attain full democratic citizenship and status, a dream that has been long awaited by their peers and fore parents.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the long run, this presence of the Diaspora will be felt by the whole world and in order to facilitate their presence, African policy makers and Pan-Africanism should take the Diaspora options seriously.   This requires networks that facilitate brain mobility, formation of diverse knowledge, and the defense to Africa which have been defamed in Euro-America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   AU with its 20 councils, promoted social and cultural contexts towards its civic organizations in order to unify and integrate Africa, an enduring dream for Pan-Africanism derived from the rising of the Diaspora’s homogenization from one’s host country.   The AU is more robust organization, and is more people friendly.   The OAU was preoccupied with politics, sovereignty and elite’s camaraderie. However, both are achievers in the vision of Pan-Africanism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In its present trend, AU launched the â€Å"African Union-African Diaspora Summit at all levels of the State and Governments, with a theme â€Å"Towards the realization of a united and integrated Africa and its Diaspora† in short, after crossing the West – the African will be united.   This unity hopefully will lead to a full cooperation and better understanding of every member of the Pan-African nations including the cooperation of the Diaspora host countries worldwide.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The self acceptance of the Diaspora rejuvenated Pan-Africanism with its contemporary dictum of being able to combine the old and new.   Their demands are no longer driven by political independence but learning the complex ties that separate and unites them to their origin.   With this knowledge, unity will not be an elusive dream to the Pan-Africanism but a way of life transcending global marginalism that has been caused by inequality of power and privileges.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The passing of time may have healed the wounds in the past; the present generations are no longer alienated to the prejudices, but men and women who are proud of their colors and traditional beliefs.   These Africans are more capable of confronting the problems of today than merely following the course of history.   These are men who see the world, fair and square but able to form kinship and friendship even with those who had inflicted wounds on them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pan-Africanism is not just an ideology it’s praxis, a chain that links all Africans of the world.   It has guided the race through out history and will always be a gleaming light for those who find that multiple identities seem quite confusing.   It will be a bosom for all Africans to convene, and to learn that adopting other technologies and means is not to be come inferior but teaching this race the value of genuine patriotism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The so called ideology came from a long journey, it infiltrated the West and the Atlantic continent, and it has surrounded the world as bent on becoming a one and united dynamic race.   They will be people who will not be saddened by their past mistakes but more of a people who have stand and struggled to gain respect.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These are people with human culture that is unique and these beliefs are needed to be upheld and preserved. The Pan-African vision will guide these beliefs through time which must be guided by wisdom.   Loving ones country does not hate the other; nationalism is not wrong as long as we do not hate or inflict wrong another nation.   Better still, we must love our own country but also loving the rest of the world and that’s what you call patriotism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For those who are lucky to cross the West, and the other Diaspora, and those who belong to each others continent it is time to unite.   After all, man belongs to one single stock – the human being with a body and soul.   Diasporas from all parts of the globe or Africans alike wherever continent they belong, they are just one brother and sister who belongs to one and the same human race.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To all Africans and Diaspora the ideology of Pan-Africanism will always be behind, until the time that this race received the respect its forerunners has long waited for.  Ã‚   It will always be the shadow that will unite every Africans and the Diaspora who has been nurtured and taught by its adoptive nation.   In turn, both will be teaching the other their ways combining new and old and giving good examples that the rest of the world will learn to admire and accept. Works Cited Ghelawdewos Araia. â€Å"The Historical and Ideological Foundations of Pan-Africanism.†Ã‚   2006.

Dynamic Characters In A Tale Of Two Cities :: essays research papers

Dynamic Characters in A Tale of Two Cities   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  . Charles Dickens is an influential writer in his time. Charles Dickens is born on February 7, 1812 in England. Many of the books he writes are classics. One of the his classics is A Tale of Two Cities. A Tale of Two Cities is about a group of people who get stuck in France at the time of the revolution and only a very dear friend saves them from living lives of sadness. In A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens uses dynamic characters that change drastically from the beginning to the end of he book. One example of a dynamic character is Sydney Carton. He is one of the â€Å"idlest and most unpromising of men† (83). Dickens also describes Carton as â€Å"a problem or carelessness and recklessness† (200). Carton is unpromising and reckless because the other characters in the book see him as a man who drinks too much and can’t take care of himself. While sitting in Mr. Lorry’s office with John Barsad and Jerry Cruncher â€Å"Sydney Carton fill[s] another glass with brandy, pour[s] it slowly upon the hearth, and watche[s] it as it drop[s]† (296). Sydney Carton spills the brandy to signify that he won’t be a drunken man any more. Carton also changes in the aspect that he feels love towards Lucie. After Darnay’s first trial in England Carton treats Darnay to dinner at a local tavern. During their conversation Darnay’s love, Lucie, is mentioned. Carton feels no love towards Lucie at that time. He says, â€Å"I am a disappointed d rudge, sir. I care for no man on earth, and no man on earth cares for me† (82). Soon after Sydney Carton finds himself falling in love with Lucie Manette. Carton says, â€Å"[F]or you and any dear to you I would do anything . . . . I would embrace any sacrifice for you and those dear to you . . . . think now and then that there is a man who would give his life to keep a life you love beside you!† (147 – 148). Sydney Carton obviously changes his opinion on loving and caring. Sydney Carton is an example of a main character that is dynamic in A Tale of Two Cities. Dr. Manette is a second example of a dynamic character in A Tale of Two Cities. When Lucie, Mr. Lorry, and Monsieur Defarge meet Dr.