Auroch Prehistoric Mammal Facts and Figures

Auroch Prehistoric Mammal Facts and Figures Name: Auroch (German for unique bull); articulated OR-ock Living space: Fields of Eurasia and northern Africa Authentic Epoch: Pleistocene-Modern (2 million-500 years back) Size and Weight: Around six feet high and one ton Diet: Grass Recognizing Characteristics: Huge size; noticeable horns; bigger guys than females About the Auroch Now and again it appears that each contemporary creature had a hefty measured megafauna predecessor during the Pleistocene age. A genuine model is the Auroch, which was practically indistinguishable from present day bulls except for its size: this dino-cow weighed about a ton, and one envisions that the guys of the species were essentially more forceful than current bulls. (In fact, the Auroch is named Bos primigenius, setting it under indistinguishable variety umbrella from present day steers, to which its legitimately hereditary.) The Auroch is one of only a handful barely any ancient creatures to be celebrated in antiquated cavern artistic creations, remembering an acclaimed drawing from Lascaux for France dating to around 17,000 years prior. As you would expect, this forceful mammoth figured on the supper menu of early people, who had an enormous influence in driving the Auroch into eradication (when they werent taming it, therefore making the line that prompted present day bovines). Be that as it may, little, diminishing populaces of Aurochs endure well into present day times, the last known individual biting the dust in 1627. One generally secret reality about the Auroch is that it really contained three separate subspecies. The most renowned, Bos primigenius, was local to Eurasia, and is the creature delineated in the Lascaux cavern compositions. The Indian Auroch, Bos primigenius namadicus, was tamed a couple thousand years prior into what are currently known as Zebu steers, and the North African Auroch (Bos primigenius africanus) is the most dark of the three, likely plunged from a populace local to the Middle East. One authentic portrayal of the Auroch was composed by, surprisingly, Julius Caesar, in his History of the Gallic War: These are a little underneath the elephant in size, and of the appearance, shading, and state of a bull. Their quality and speed are remarkable; they save neither man nor wild brute which they have espied. These the Germans take with much agonies in pits and murder them. The youngsters solidify themselves with this activity and practice themselves in such a chasing, and the individuals who have killed the best number of them, having created the horns out in the open, to fill in as proof, get extraordinary commendation. Harking back to the 1920s, a couple of German zoo executives brought forth a plan to revive the Auroch by means of the specific reproducing of current dairy cattle (which share for all intents and purposes a similar hereditary material as Bos primigenius, but with some significant characteristics smothered). The outcome was a variety of curiously large bulls known as Heck dairy cattle, which, if not in fact Aurochs, at any rate give some insight to what these old mammoths more likely than not resembled. All things considered, seeks after the restoration of the Auroch endure, through a proposed procedure called de-eradication.

The ways in which the two authors create feelings of suspense and tension in their stories Essay Example For Students

The manners by which the two writers make sentiments of anticipation and strain in their accounts Essay Charles Dickens and H. G. Wells have both composed apparition stories in which they can make sentiments of anticipation and strain by utilizing various strategies of composing. Putting things in place, symbolism, characterisation and they likewise have chosen to utilize a created or lacking story voice. In any case, underneath the first recognition, they are fundamentally the same as. Charles Dickens composed The Signalman which depends on a genuine dramatization, despite the fact that we are not recounted so in the story. He relates back to a year prior to the story was distributed thus it isnt a fortuitous event that he composed a piece about a train crash. The Signalman was distributed as a component of an assortment called Mugsby intersection in 1866 (when Queen Victoria went to the seat). This story is not quite the same as The Red Room composed by H. G. Wells as The Signalman is a general vague story where as The Red Room isn't questionable as in this piece you realize what's going on and when it is going on and in The Signalman it isn't in every case clear. These short stories stand out from one another from various perspectives. We will compose a custom paper on The manners by which the two creators make sentiments of anticipation and pressure in their accounts explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now The two of them utilize various strategies to lay everything out On either side, a trickling wet mass of rough stone, barring all view yet a portion of sky; the viewpoint one way just an abnormal prolongation of this extraordinary prison; the shorter point of view the other way ending in a melancholy red light, and the gloomier access to a dark passage, in whose gigantic engineering there was a brutal, discouraging, and restricting air. This statement is of a common gothic phantom story and is taken from The Signalman and it gives a spooky feel to the story as it takes the pressure to another level. The language that has been utilized from the beginning, incorporates some spine shivering descriptive words that change an ordinary passage into a baffling practically paranormal cell. The railroad is alluded to the incredible prison as it has spiked dividers limiting him to a little space. The storytellers sight is likewise confined to one small segment of sky. This develops strain for the storyteller since being encircled by enormous stoned dividers, in a freshly discovered zone that is obscure to him, where one of his faculties are appropriated gives a claustrophobic air. Dickens utilizes the word desolate in a dreary estate and this develops tension for the peruser, as it is an inclination of sadness and loss of expectation. In any case, in The red room H. G. Wells utilizes account exchange to put things in place. I can guarantee you, said I it will take a truly unmistakable apparition to terrify me As Wells draws in you straight in to the story, you become more acquainted with the storyteller as pompous, yet as you read on his haughtiness dynamically decreases to loss of control, as his perspective changes. Like The Signalman this is set in a gothic-Victorian period, this produces pressure in the peruser as the structure where the story was set is a flimsy and forsaken house. This makes you uncertain about it, as you are uncertain about the individual history of the structure itself. So the peruser might need to peruse on to perceive what befalls the storyteller in the house. Together the creators use symbolism to lay the right foundation, as the better an image of anticipation and pressure made, there is increasingly possibility of delivering a progressively effective phantom story. In The Signalman Dickens has made a blend of putting things in place and symbolism to build claustrophobic strain: Was it important for him when he was on the job consistently to stay in that channel of soggy air, and would he be able to never ascend into the daylight from between those high stone dividers? For me the peruser, this picture sets up anticipation by including a non-serious inquiry toward the end. This is a decent utilization of language as you the peruser can go to your own correct choice. Again Dickens utilizes modifiers to offer profundity to the story. .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98 , .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98 .postImageUrl , .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98 , .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98:hover , .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98:visited , .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98:active { border:0!important; } .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98:active , .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98:hover { murkiness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u e4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content embellishment: underline; } .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content beautification: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ue4c3d96824fe4c2 41a0e9c61e8d66e98 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Strong feelings and thoughts EssayIn this statement the storyteller appears to be befuddled to why the signalman himself decides to stay in the channel of sodden air and he can't go to a sensible answer so switches the inquiry might he be able to never ascend into the daylight This develops perusers tension as the entry drops a trace of doubt to whether the signalman is a paranormal soul and not a living human. Wells utilizes an alternate way to deal with symbolism as he utilizes metaphors to make strain: push the light between the bars haziness shut upon me like the closing of an eye, wrapped about me in a smothering grasp, fixed my vision and squashed the last remnants of my cerebrum. Before the storytellers judgment depended on an explanation instead of a feeling and his answer was swaying from sane to unreasonable dread. In any case, as should be obvious in this statement, his feeling has now impacted his capacity to think straight. I am ready to tell from this statement that the storytellers perspective was flimsy and was there a soul present? Thus he says the last remnants of my mind which implies that the experience held onto the littlest and last amount of practical idea he had. So he has over the way that what's going on isnt an incident or a fantasy of his creative mind it is genuine. The distinction between these two stories is that The Red room impacts your choice to pick whether it is bona fide or not. In The Signalman you dont become more acquainted with the storyteller just as you do in The Red room thus the storyteller is practically mysterious about what he does and Dickens has done this to create anticipation for the peruser. When there is an individual association between the peruser and the storyteller a relationship is worked between them. What's more, when you think about them it assists with connecting with yourself in to the story as there isnt as much mystery between the two people, anecdotal or non-anecdotal, however all through The Red room you are building a bond among you and the storyteller thus this isnt as fruitful at building anticipation yet there is increasingly strain being manufactured in light of the fact that you are on edge about what will transpire. In The Red room you make an association with the characters as you are told about them yet in The Signalman it is all extremely mysterious and there are just two principle characters for you to frame a relationship with. Be that as it may, in The Red room there is a scope of individuals for you to be familiar with. Now and then this can be valuable yet different occasions it might turn out to be difficult for the peruser to keep up a connection with the entirety of the characters. Wells has portrayed the people viably as he has their temperaments in practical structure (you can see things like it occurring, in actuality, problems). Be that as it may, in The Signalman Dickens hasnt picked to add a character to the signalman himself. This is viable as a phantom story in light of the fact that there is a great deal of vagueness about him and on the grounds that he is a lacking character this causes you to feel uncomfortable when you are finding out about him as you dont comprehend what's in store from him or what he will do straightaway. By and large I imagine that The Red room is the more effective phantom story just in view of the way that Wells has depicted the characters in more profundity and as a rule his story was the additionally scary bit of composing. Despite the fact that Dickens had put together his story with respect to a sensible dramatization, I think he didnt have as a great part of the chilling exchange as had The Red room.

Intergroup communication final paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Intergroup correspondence last - Term Paper Example In addition, more ladies are working outside the home, or while in the home, including low-pay moms (Gassman-Pines, 2011). Around 29% of working moms were utilized in occupations with non-standard calendars (versus standard timetables of fixed daytime hours from Monday to Friday) in 2004 (Gassman-Pines, 2011). In creating nations, working moms show an expanding pattern, with some working predominantly because of financial needs, while others, particularly the informed ones, decide to work to accomplish individual satisfaction from their work-life characters and to seek after further training and upward profession/business objectives (Jabbar, 2014; Parã © and Dillaway, 2005). Besides, having the choice to work, rather than remaining at home, is a sign of the cutting edge age, especially, in accordance with women's activist and sex equity developments (Parã © and Dillaway, 2005). Working ladies create political force when they increment their commitment to dynamic at home, and when they ascend in their associations as top chiefs (Ruderman, Ohlott, Panzer, and King, 2002). Moreover, they likewise improve social and social force, as they increase social endorsement for being autonomous people who ought to have the option to work without being decided as ignoring their conventional sex jobs and duties (Jabbar, 2014). By and by, working moms keep on confronting work-life gives that effect professional success (King, Botsford, and Huffman, 2009). At the end of the day, not getting enough social help and absence of parity in family and work life can crash ladies from achieving highest administration positions and accomplishing a decent family all consuming purp ose balance (King et al., 2009). A few examinations explored the impacts of work outside the home on working moms and their kids and discovered blended outcomes. From one perspective, Jabbar’s (2014) interviews with Jordanian moms and instructors and house keepers from different nations uncovered that working moms and educators didn't concur that having

Liquidity Risk In The Finance And Banking Sector Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

I would like to choose liquidity risk for my assignment. Why I have selected liquidity risk? It is because there are some points or question I would like to understand. First reason is about the financial crisis. At 2007, the financial crisis interpreted how quickly and severely liquidity risk can crystallize and certain sources of funding can disappear. It shows the need for the valuation of assents and capital adequacy. The emergence and development of the financial crisis was fully exposed that the banking regulatory system had many deficiencies exist. At the old rules of banking supervision, the core capital adequacy ratio requirements was too low, the banking system is difficult to resist the sudden risk of global financial system. The derivatives in this crisis were failed to achieve spread the risk effectiveness, even expand the risk. For this crisis, we can learn that the liquidity risk is a serious problem and need the new rules of banking supervision. Secondly, the Basel III Accord (BIS, 2010) aimed for the capital problems because of financial crisis at 2007. The inaccurate and ineffective management of liquidity risk was a key characteristic of the financial crisis. They identi fied the banks must improve their liquidity risk management and control their liquidity risk exposures. So the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BIS) has issued for a package of proposals to strengthen global capital and liquidity regulations with the goal of promoting a more resilient banking sector (BIS, 2010). Basel III greatly improves the core capital adequacy ratio requirement. The bank should increase their ordinary share capital adequacy ratio to 7% in 8 years. And then they are required to hold capital conservation buffer of 2.5% to withstand future periods of stress bringing the total common equity requirements to 7%. If failing to meet requirements, the bank dividend, stock repurchase, bonuses payments and other act will be strictly limited. As the result of this, we clear know that the importance of liquidity risk management in the future. The last reason, I am interested some characteristic about liquidity risk. First of all, liquidity risk has the close rel ationship with the other risks, such as market risk or credit risk. Market risk always is the main reason of liquidity reason. The market risk and liquidity risk should be an independent measurement or market risk including liquidity risk still is no consistent conclusion. Moreover, other risks have a relationship with fair value. However the fair value often does not exist at liquidity risk. For banks, how to consider liquidity risk for the fair value adjustment is a very important issue. Finally, liquidity risk seem is a very important risk. However it is difficultly divides into market risk and credit risk. This part of the theoretical development and practical application of the subject should be clarified in the future. And it is absolute that cannot ignore in risk management. In conclusion, we know that liquidity risk is a very important for nearer future financial development, we should deeply understand its measurement and management. That why I choose liquidity risk for my assignment. A full paper to be included in the special issue critically evaluating the main issues associated with the measurement and management of ONE only of either: interest rate risk, liquidity risk, or operational risk. Your writing must be supported by reference to appropriate theoretical and empirical literature. You should ensure that you include discussion of the appropriate regulatory framework. (2500 words) (70 marks) 1. Introduction Figure 1.1 Different meanings of liquidity (Source: Adapted from Bartetzky, 2008 page 9) What is liquidity? Liquidity represents the capacity to fulfill all payment obligations as and when they fall due- to their full extent and in the currency required. Since it is done in cash, liquidity relates to flows of cash only. Not being able to perform leads to a condition of illiquidity (Duttweiler, 2009). In other words, it is a flow concept. In the framework, liquidity will refer to unhindered flows among the agents of the financial system. Liquidity refers to ability of realizing these flows (ECB, 2009). These flows can be hindered when there are asymmetries in information and incomplete market exist. What is liquidity Risk? The potential that an institution will not be able to meet its cash flow needs as they arise in a cost effective manner (ECCB, 2006). Liquidity risk is often called a consequential risk. it seems that is secondary risk in the sense that it always follows one or more other financial risks. Usually, a banks main function is to provide liquidity to the economy and not to generate a liquidity crisis. It is hard to imagine that a bank can have a liquidity problem without having incurred earlier severe losses due to market, credit or operational risk (Neu, 2007). The liquidity risk can distinguish between market liquidity risk and funding liquidity risk. Funding Liquidity risk is a trader cannot fund his position and is forced to unwind. It involve a time horizon, the probability of becoming illiquid is typically measured for a given period ahead and can differ significantly according the length of the period (Matz el al, 2006) Market liquidity risk is the market liquidity worsens when one needs to unwind a position. It relates to the inability of trading at a fair price with immediacy. It composes by systemic and non-diversifiable risk. It suggests commonalities in liquidity risk across market and it should be priced. Appropriate regulatory framework Figure2: Elements of a liquidity risk management framework (Source: Liquidity risk management: A Practitioners Perspective) As figure2, it shows a complete liquidity risk management framework must have three parts, governance, measurement management and public disclosure. First, the sound corporate governance and organizational provide the ability of risk framework, risk tolerance, liquidity oversight and funds transfer pricing. Second, the measurement management should have cash flows and data, group management, funding diversification, intraday liquidity, collateral management, stress testing, contingency planning and liquid assets. The last, the public should have liquidity position disclosure. The banks should fit their operations strategy and clear know that their role of the financial system. They should clearly define their degree of liquidity risk tolerance. The banks management should be based on the degree of liquidity risk tolerance to develop their strategy, pol icies and practices. It ensures that banks maintain sufficient liquidity. The managements should continually review the information of banks liquidity development and periodical report to the board of directors. The board of directors should be reviewed and approved on the liquidity management strategy, policies and practices at least once a year and confirm the managements effectively mange the risk. The banks should actively track and control (single/ cross) legal regulation, (single/ cross) industry and (single/ cross) currency, related to liquidity risk exposure and funding requirement. Also it should consider the legal, regulations and operational constraints of liquidity transactions. The last, the banks must periodical provide the public disclosure information to achieve the market participants to judge the risk management framework and the soundness of liquidity. Liquidity risk measurement It is extremely important on the liquidity management process that has the proper identification and measurement. Liquidity is dynamic, and as such, it requires regular and intense monitoring (ECCB, 2006). To assess a liquidity level, one has to evaluate cash flowing into and out of a financial institution and demands for funds to finance obligations outside the balance sheet (Bank of Thailand, 2003). It can identify the possibility of liquidity crisis in the future. Liquidity risk measurement can be done an easy calculation of the current position without further adjustment. The financial institutions would like to use the measurement toot to estimate of cash flow and liquidity position as well as an analysis of financial ratios. The selection of which method or tool used is based on the complexity of structure and management of assets, liabilities and off balance sheet transactions. There are three ways of liquidity risk measurement. First, the management must do a cash flow e stimate to assess the demand for liquidity. And then if they deeply understand their cash flow, it will enable them have a level of liquidity appropriately and adequately. A contingency funding plan is an example of the cash flow estimate. When estimating cash flow, they should assess the possibility of the customers renew their contract instead of depending on maturity period of the contract alone. Cash flow may uncertain in different products because of the uncertain factors about interest rates or customer behavior. Moreover it may have a seasonal or business cycles fluctuate. The management should consider that increase or decrease the liquidity when during the business cycles forecast. Also the institutions need a funding source to protect the volatility of the loans and deposits. It also maintains a liquidity excess for safety. Second, use the ratios can help measure the level of liquidity and ensure the risk limits. However there are some factors need to consider when usin g the ratios. These factors may consider the qualitative information regarding the depositors borrowing ability and other behaviors. When the management make decision depends on financial ratios, they should understand what the ratios are and find which can be adjusted. Also they should know how to make the conclusion from these financial ratios. The last, the financial institutions must have prepared and already to manage the liquidity under irregular circumstances or crisis. They should consider both positive and negative of the liquidity change in each situation. It includes the external and internal factors. 3.1 Liquidity risk measurement on Principles According to Principles for Sound Liquidity Risk Management and Supervision (BIS, 2008), there are some principles about liquidity risk measurement. Firstly, Banks on all important business activities, in house pricing, performance measurement and new product approval process should be composing with liquidity costs, profits and risk. It can take the long-term and short-term risk cost and benefits into the internal pricing and performance measurement. Secondly, Banks should have an integrity procedures to confirm, measure, track and control liquidity risk. This process should include an integrity framework to be in the proper period, estimated the cash flows from assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet activities. It is including establish the liquidity risk ratio, A/D ratio and early warning indicators. I will talk about the early warning indicators as follow. Thirdly, banks should periodically do the stress test to test a variety of short-term or long term related orga nizations specific or market in common of the individual or combination pressure situations. For identify the sources of potential stress and confirm the current risk exposure is higher than the banks liquidity risk tolerance level. The banks should use the result of stress test to adjust its liquidity risk management strategies, policies and positions, and develop effective contingency plans. I also talk about the important of stress test as follow. Fourthly, banks should actively manage its liquidity position and risk, to be in peacetime and emergency time, can immediate achieves the payment and settlement obligations. And thus it can promote the payment and settlement systems operating smoothly. Fifthly, banks should actively manage its collateral positions, the differences between restricted and non-restricted assets. The bank shall pay attention of the legal regulatory who keep the collateral and how it operation. The last, banks should have a formal contingency fundin g plan (CFP), set its clear strategy to cope with the liquidity shortage under the contingency conditions. CFP should outline the policies to manage the specific range of stress environments, establish clear responsibility. It is including the clear procedures for launching and expanded, and should be periodically test and update, in order to confirm the integrity operation. 3.2 Early warning indicators (EWI) After the financial crisis, it is more highlight the importance of early warning indicators. Early warning is very useful. It can provide the following information to do the reference: Rapid growth assets Enhance the concentration of assets or liabilities distribution Currency mismatch increase Decline the weighted average maturity date of liabilities In specific product lines, have a negative trends or risk increase Deteriorated significantly of bank earnings, asset quality and overall financial statement. Negative public events Decline credit rating Stock price decline or borrowing cost increase The risk of debt or credit default swap increase Wholesale or retail funding costs rise Counterparties inquiring or request additional collateral for the credit exposure, even refuse the new transaction. The loss of retail deposits increased The issue of CDs called for redemption prior the maturity increase Increase the difficulty of long-term funding Difficult to issue short-term liabilities. 3.3 Stress test For running the stress test, it need some assume information. There are some examples as the followings: Reduce the market liquidity, the value of current assets decrease The loss of retails funding The correlation between financial market sources or the effectiveness of financial diversification Additional collateral The funding period The loss of liquidity about the off balance street business Possibility of contingency funding amount in bank Impact of credit rating adjustment Foreign exchange convertibility and the use of foreign exchange market Central bank mechanism Capacity of the bank selling cash assets Forecast growth of the balance sheet Liquidity risk management Liquidity and solvency are the twins that are no different in banking. The illiquid problem can lead to a bank rapidly go into bankruptcy. The global financial crisis, which began in 2007, exposed the fact many banks most adversely affected by the crisis have a range of deficiencies in the liquidity risk management systems. They are failure to properly allocated liquidity cost and risk to their business activities and products, lead to misalignment of risk-taking incentives and take excessive liquidity risk. They are failure to adequately identify and account the liquidity risk arising from non-contractual obligations or off balance sheet exposures. They also are failure to maintain sufficient high quality liquid assets to withstand pressure arising from the loss of normal funding source in the crisis. The last, the stress test and contingency financing plan are not included in the overall market, lead to the possibility of the severe and long term liquidity assets shortage situati on. Now, we should understand what risk management is. The risk management is classified two roles, the micro role and macro role. In micro role, first is creating a sound governance framework. The liquidity risk management process should be surrounded by independent controls capable of regularly analyzing and auditing aspects of measurement, monitoring and management. The process should be examined by directors and executives at least annually to make sure that it remains consistent with the firms mandate, structure, and growth plans, and is relevant in the market and regulator environment. Second is implementing proper measures and reporting. The firm should develop and use robust liquidity risk measures that are applicable to its business. While balance sheet measures can provide useful point-in-time stock measures, these should be supplemented by dynamic flow measures that take account of gaps, durations, probabilities of draw-down, disposal discounts, and loss of marke t access. Third is using tactical controls. Limits should be created to control all relevant aspects of liquidity exposure, and should relate directly to the firms liquidity risk mandate. Fourth is developing a crisis management process. A centralized crisis management program, that is regularly tested and updated, must be a management priority. Knowing when to invoke the program is absolutely essential, as any unnecessary delay can prove costly. The last is performing ongoing reviews. A Firms liquidity risk process should be thoroughly vetted by internal and external auditors to ensure that it meet necessary governance and regulatory standard. Auditors should verify proper independence and segregation of duties between those generating and controlling liquidity risks. In macro role, first is conducting regular inspections. Regulatory and industry bodies should regularly examine the liquidity practices of institutions operating in their jurisdictions. Authorities should insist on the creation and use of contingency programs, as these can help minimize instances of systemic dislocation. Second is promoting competition. It is clear that market makers, dealers, and exchanges have a central role to play in the provision of financial asset liquidity. They must be allowed to operate in a competitive and efficient manner, and regulators should promote and prudent deregulation measures that allow for greater competition. Third is avoiding fragmentation. Regulators must avoid actions that lead to market fragmentation. This represents a balancing act, as it is generally beneficial to promote alternatives in order to keep competition strong. Fourth is minimizing costs. It is well established, theoretically and empirically, that measures that reduce the cost burden of participating in a trading, investment, or funding market lead to an increase in activity. Fifth is harmonizing accounting treatment. Firms are periodically precluded from participati ng in a market or transaction as a result of accounting rules. The last is reinforcing proper capital allocations. Global financial regulators have generally done a creditable job in ensuring that financial institutions preserve sufficient capital for core market and credit risks. 4.1 Liquidity risk management on Principles Take a lesson learned from the crisis, the Basel Committee issued the Principles for Sound Liquidity Risk Management and Supervision (BIS, 2008) to improve the international standards on liquidity risk. There are some principles used for manage and monitor the liquidity risk. Firstly, banks should continuously maintain non-restricted, high-quality liquidity assets as a buffer, to do insurance for the specific range of liquidity stress situation. Buffer on the use of these assets to obtain funding, should not be legally, regulations and operating restrictions. Secondly, banks should establish a funding strategy to provide the effective diversification of funding source and tenor. The bank should maintain an ongoing presence in its chosen funding markets and strong relationships in funds providers to promote effective diversification of funding sources. A bank should regularly gauge its capacity to raise funds quickly from each source. It should identify the main factors that a ffect its ability to raise funds and monitor those factors closely to ensure that estimates o fund raising capacity remain valid. Those two principles are that the banks should follow. Furthermore, there also are some principles that the supervisors should follow. Firstly, supervisors should regularly perform the overall liquidity risk management framework and liquidity position for a comprehensive assessment. It determines supervisors deliver an adequate level of resilience to liquidity stress given the banks role in the financial system. Secondly, supervisor should follow the bank internal reports, monitoring a combination of internal reports, prudential reports and market information, to supplement its banking liquidity risk management framework and liquidity position of the periodic assessments. Thirdly, Supervisors should require the banks have an effective and timely remedial action to address deficiencies in its liquidity risk management processes or liquidity pos ition. The last, supervisors should communicate with other relevant supervisors and public authorities, both within to enhance the effective cooperation regarding the supervision and oversight of liquidity risk management. In normal times, they should have regularly communication with the nature and frequency of the information sharing increasing as appropriate during times of stress. A concluding section that reflects upon what you consider to be the main challenges to both banks and regulators with regard to either interest rate, liquidity or operational risk in the coming few years. (1000 words) (20 marks) Basel III developed by Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) is a comprehensive set of reform measures at December 2010. It aims to improve the banking sectors ability to absorb shocks arising from financial and economic stress, improve risk management and governance and strengthen banks transparency and disclosures (BIS, 2010). It increased the capital requirements for increase the bank level which will help raise the resilience of individual banking institutions to periods of stress. The minimum common equity requirement increase from 2% to 4.5%, banks is required to hold a capital conservation buffer of 2.5%. Tier 1 capital requirements will increase from 4% to 6%. And the requirements will progressively increase in the future year. However there still have some challenges to both banks and regulators with regard to liquidity risk in the coming few years. The Basel III process is a disaster said by Simon Johnson who was Chief Economist of the International Monetary Fu nd (IMF). Some experts indicate the banks have misrepresented and the officials have misunderstood reality. According to Professor Anat Admati (Stadford University) and her colleagues, they make three main points. First, the basic economics behind official thinking is wrong. Second, the Basel process uses dysfunctional methods to adjust capital requirements to reflect the risk of various kinds of assets. Third, capital requirements should be simplified and greatly increased. It seems that Basel III still not perfect. I will talk some challenges as the follow. Firstly, small and medium banks are very difficult to implement Basel III. Nowadays, the small and medium banks average return on capital is 20%, while the capital adequacy ratio is 10%. After the implementation of the Basel III, the capital adequacy ratio needs 13% to 14%which the capital adequacy ratio will increase 30%. Based on the present capital return ratio, the operating model remains unchanged. The return may declin e to 15%. They are going to be using in the denominator risk-weighted assets, So it looks like theyre being realty tough on the top number, but by using risk-weighted assets most banks fall into the category already and are fine said by Paul Miller who is FBR analyst. So many banks can fulfil the requirement and only small banks have the negative effect. Secondly, Basel III may be a difficult challenge by European banks. It really does hurt the European banks. I would have liked to see them come out tougher, I thought they were going to come out tougher, but in reality they couldnt because of the position of the European banks also by Miller. It is because European banking supervision rules is most loose. They do not have a large-scale supplementary capital after the financial crisis. In all European commercial banks, Deutsche bank has the highest level of capital adequacy ratio but only is 10.8%. They need to issue 9.8 billion euros of shares to avoid the negative effect of cap ital shortage. The new rules will undoubtedly reduce the banks profits. The liquidity risk also will increase. Thirdly, Basel rules leave banks overcapitalized. In the next 10 years, at the end of 2019, we will have overly liquid, overcapitalized banks, said Mr. Grubel who is UBS AG Chief Executive. This may be a long term challenges but it also means the world would not have a lot of growth in the coming few years. It also affects the banks return. But the good news is that the interest rates will relatively low in the coming decade which should help stimulate economic growth. The low interest rates also mean that the banks will have strong liquidity. Fourthly, Basel rules lead to dividends reduces. Due to reduced dividends, it leads to the attractiveness of banking shares decrease. Less people invest in banking stock. The banks capital will decrease and it also affect the liquidity reduce. For avoid this situation, Federal Reserve issued guidelines on how it will decide whet her large U.S. banks may increase dividends and buy back shares, requiring the lenders to submit to stress tests of capital (Bloomberg, 2010). Its guidelines show that they response to Basel III to face the challenge and meet the requirement. The last, Asian economies are in the strong rebound after the global financial crisis. However the large cash flow into Asian raises people concerns about inflation and market volatility. Because of the low interest rates policies in the America and European, many international investors invest their money into Asian market to make a higher returns. However the inflation is following the large cash flow into Asian. Second is the capital flow. If the capital flow into Asian is short term and speculative, it may disappear suddenly. It will repeat the financial crisis at 1997. It led to many countries currencies extremely devaluate. Many corporate will bankruptcy, resulting in large-scale economic loss. And it will lead to banks have a large am ount of bad debts and increase the liquidity risk. In conclusion, Basel III would like strengthen the regulation, supervision and risk management of the banking sector. However it also provides more challenge to banks. BIS should keep improve the Basel III. It is because the liquidity risk still is a serious problem in the forecasting few years. The Banks and Regulators should keep follow the principles for Sound Liquidity Risk Management and Supervision to do the measurement and management. It is very important when they face the challenges in the comings few years. That is the end of my Risk 2 assignment.

Comparison Of Napoleon Bonaparte A Hero Or Villain

There is no question in the fact that Napoleon Bonaparte was a significant character in France. However, there have been debates among historians for years around the central question: â€Å"Was Napoleon Bonaparte a hero or a villain?† The answer here relies on how one looks upon the situation. Was Napoleon Bonaparte a savior to the French, or was he a tyrant to the French? Although many historians’ answers do rely deeply onto perspective, their answers also lie within which stage of life Napoleon Bonaparte was in, as well as the shift in opinions that come as time changes. Paul Stock and Phillip Dwyer analyze Napoleon Bonaparte’s influence and through the analysis, debate on whether Napoleon Bonaparte should be considered a hero or a villain,†¦show more content†¦Nevertheless for the reasoning, Napoleon Bonaparte was still considered a hero to many. However, Phillip Dwyer presents a reason for why Napoleon was viewed as a â€Å"hero†, which makes him seem more as a villain. Dwyer presents that there was use of â€Å"political imagery and rhetoric used to promote Napoleon in France on the one hand, and the manner in which he behaved in public outside France on the other† (Dwyer 379). Napoleon, although a â€Å"hero† to the French, was â€Å"exaggerating his victories, feeding the Directory inaccurate reports, or simply omitting any embarrassing setbacks that he or his generals may have suffered. The audience he cultivated was in France† (Dwyer 1). Here, Dwyer is showing that Napoleon been deceitful, and with such deceit, the French considered him a hero. Dwyer’s debate brings about that yes, Napoleon was considered a hero, however, do the means of deceit that he achieved his hero standing through implicate Napoleon as a villain? Dwyer believes that Napoleon Bonaparte was considered a hero through a â€Å"hero-savior myth†, yet nevertheless, was considered a hero by the French, and to this d ay is still considered a hero (Dwyer 1). This debate does delve into the larger scale of Napoleon Bonaparte as a whole, as the idea of Napoleon has become such a popular worldwide phenomenon that it is difficult to pinpoint certain works to one area of Napoleon Bonaparte without bleeding into another. However, the aspect on whether

Essay on Experimentation Necessary or Unnecessary

The recent debate on whether or not animal experimentation should be allowed has sparked uproar. When scientists think they have what they claim to be a â€Å"wonder drug,† they need a way to test the safety of the drug before it is safe for human use. At this point scientists turn to animals, because of their close resemblance to humans. With drug companies reducing experimentations and using alternatives, some people may wonder why animals undergo experimentation in the first place. While there are advantages to animal experimentation, it does not ensure success in human clinical trials, there is no law protecting any animal from cruel experimentation, and some animals should not have to live in cruel facilities. According to several†¦show more content†¦Most research animals do not experience anything any more invasive than what most people face during an annual physical examination. According to the article from Americans for Medical Progress it states, â€Å"When potentially uncomfortable procedures arise, anesthetics and analgesics are used to relieve discomfort† (qtd. in AMP). The reason the most people say experimentation is okay is because they don’t know the extent of it. Some scientists argue that anesthesia is administered to the animals; however, there are cases that do not need anesthesia but are still painful. If this is true, the Institutional Animal Care and use Committee should ensure anesthesia is administered to the animals; however, it still doesn’t depict from the 95% of animals that have no federal law offering any sort of protection on animal rights. Since there are no laws, it means that any experiment, is not illegal. An article on the PET A website for Animals says, â€Å"Even when valid alternatives to animals are available, the law doesnt require them be used† (qtd. in Kretzer). A lack of laws may lead to animal cruelty because of uncertainty about experiments and scientists still linger around. The old saying goes, â€Å"There is more than meets the eye,† meaning more than one type of animal that exists in the world that are used for experiments. Scientists and consumer say experiments are okay because, human life and safety are more important than animal life.Show MoreRelatedAnimal Testing Is Cruel And Unusual Punishment And Should Discontinue1308 Words   |  6 Pagesand should discontinue. Animal experimentation is a subject that many know of but don’t know much about. Although it is a big topic, people still don’t pay much attention to it because of their lack of information. Experimenting is a cruel process that causes many innocent animals to suffer. Many cases of violations towards experimenting have been found as well. Testing on animals is unnecessary when laying down the facts. Animal Experimentation Animal Experimentation is the process of using animalsRead MoreAnimal Experimentation Is Unnecessary and Cruel Essay946 Words   |  4 Pagesmillions of animals suffer through painful and unnecessary tests. Animals in laboratories all over the world live lives of deprivation, pain, isolation, and torture. Even though vast studies show that animal experimentation often lacks validity, leading to harmful human reactions, we still continue to use this method of experimentation, while many other less-expensive and more beneficial alternatives exist. Going beyond the issue of animal experimentation being morally wrong, this form of research isRead MoreAnimal Experimentation And Animal Testing1261 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract This report explores the main arguments both for and against animal experimentation. The report begins with an introduction briefly outlining what animal experimentation refers to, introducing the three perspectives and highlighting the intention behind this investigation. The report then explores the positive and negative medical aspect of animal experimentation stating that it has resulted in vital vaccines benefitting both humans and animals, but also accepting it is not always reliableRead MoreAnimal Testing And Its Effects On Human Health1146 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough some people believe such activities are necessary to progress in medical research, in reality it does very little to improve human health and development. For decades, drug and chemical safety assessments have been based on laboratory experimentations involving rabbits, dogs, rodents, and other animals. Consequently, nine out of ten drugs proven safe and effective in animals fail when given to humans. Animal testing is unreliable and unnecessary and there are more effective research methodsRead MoreCase Study: The Benefits of Animal Testing Essay1718 Words   |  7 Pagesdue to the amazing surgery of organ transplants. Scientist and doctors are due the credit for this amazi ng procedure. However, often overlooked, is the fact that this fascinating medical procedure would not be possible without the use of animal experimentation. Animal testing allows doctors to save countless lives. Without it, Amy along with countless others would die. Animal testing is a largely debated and controversial issue. It was first introduced in the United States in the 1920s (Goldberg 85)Read MoreThe Use Of Scientific Testing On Animals1503 Words   |  7 Pagesthat human lives are more important than animals’. In order to moralize animal experimentation, people tend to draw attention to the benefits of animal experimentation and draw attention away from the cruelties and injustice committed towards animals. To lessen the suffering and lack of fairness of animals, people should find and use alternatives to animal experimentation. Background Information on Animal Experimentation There are many different ways in which animals are experimented on: vivisectionRead MoreHuman Experimentation Is Only Moral With Informed Consent1390 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The argument I will be making in this essay is that human experimentation is only moral with informed consent. I believe that it is essential to gain informed consent before starting experimentation as to prevent any uninformed and unnecessary harm coming to the subject. In arguing for informed consent, will do three things; first I will explain what informed consent means. Second, I will consider an argument that sometimes informed consent is not required as it is sometimes difficultRead MoreAnimal Experimentation Should Be Banned1426 Words   |  6 Pagesas we struggle to overcome the scientific experimentation on animals. Animals have acted as the archstone of human civilization since the dawn of man, from a source of food, to companionship. However, in the past century, we have been blurring the line between environmental entitlement and environmental rape. Every member of the human race interacts and depends on animals, and we owe them a certain level of respect in our society . Animal Experimentation should be banned in all forms within the bordersRead MoreAnimal Experimentation Is Fundamental For Medical Advancement And Cancer Research909 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal experimentation has been a controversial issue amongst scientists and animal activists since the early 1600s (Animal Testing - ProCon.org). When it comes to the topic of animal experimentation, most of us will readily agree that it’s necessary for medical research. Where this agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of morality. Whereas some are convinced that it’s unethical and scientifically unnecessary, others maintain that it’s needed for medical progress. My stance on the subjectRead MoreShould Animals Be Granted The Rights And Protection Of Humans?1152 Words   |  5 PagesLet them [human beings] have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth,†(â€Å"ProCon.org†, 2015). Man kind has rule over animals, to respect them and love them, but also to use them as necessary (Harnack, 1996). The American Medical Association once stated that â€Å"Depriving humans (and animals) of advances in medicine that result from research with animals is inhumane and fundamentally unethical. Depriving patients with dementia, stroke, disabling

This Is the Answer to Hr Questions free essay sample

Which step in developing a behaviorally anchored rating scale involves clustering critical incidents into a smaller set of performance dimensions? a. first b. second c. third d. fourth e. fifth 37. Which step in developing a behaviorally anchored rating scale involves clustering definitions and critical incidents, reassigning each incident to the cluster where it fits best and then determining the level of agreement among the group as to the allocation of incidents? a. first b. second c. third d. fourth e. fifth 38. All of the following are advantages of behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS) except that they _____.a. are more accurate b. provide clearer standards c. are time consuming d. are reliable e. help explain performance appraisal ratings to appraisees 39. Management by objectives (MBO) refers to an appraisal method, which _____. a. is based on progress made toward the accomplishment of measurable goals b. combines the benefits of narratives, critical incidents, and quant ified scales by assigning scale points with specific examples of good or poor performance c. We will write a custom essay sample on This Is the Answer to Hr Questions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page requires that the supervisor keep a log of positive and negative examples of a subordinate’s work-related behavior. Requires a supervisor to evaluate performance by assigning predetermined percentages of those being rated into performance categories e. involves listing all the subordinates to be rated, crossing out the names of any not known well enough to rank, indicating the employee who is the highest on each characteristic being measured and who is the lowest, and then alternating between the next highest and lowest until all employees have been ranked 40. Which of the following is a problem with using MBO? a. a tendency to set unclear objectives b. a tendency to set unmeasurable objectives c. it is time consumingd. tug of war between subordinate and manager regarding goals e. all of the above 41. Graphic rating scales are subject to all of the following problems except _____. a. unclear standards b. halo effects c. complexity d. central tendency e. leniency 42. When different supervisors define levels of performance (good, fair, poor) differently, unfair appraisals could result due to a probl em with _____. a. unclear standards b. halo effects c. complexity d. central tendency e. leniency 43. _____ is defined as the influence of a rater’s general impression on ratings of specific ratee qualities. a. Impression management b. Halo effect c. Central tendency d. Stereotyping e. Bias 44. Jason is generally considered unfriendly at work. His supervisor rates him low on the trait â€Å"gets along well with others† but also rates him lower on other traits unrelated to socialization at work. Jason’s performance appraisal may be unfair due to _____. a. impression management b. bias c. stereotyping d. halo effects e. strictness 45. Some supervisors, when filling in rating scales, tend to avoid the highs and lows on the scale and rate most people in the middle. This _____ means that all employees may be rated average.a. halo effect b. stereotyping c. central tendency d. strictness e. leniency 46. The best way of reducing the problem of central tendency in performance appraisals is to _____. a. rank employees b. be aware of the problem c. train supervisors to avoid it d. impose a distribution for performance e. consider the purpose of the appraisal 47. The _____ problem occurs when supervisors tend to rate all their subordinates consistently high. a. central tendency b. leniency c. strictness d. bias e. halo effect 48. The _____ problem occurs when supervisors tend to rate all their subordinates consistently low.